Ch 13 Drugs for the Urinary System and Fluid Balance Flashcards
- Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
Excretion of waste products
Production of adrenalin in response to stress Regulation of the amount of water
Regulation of the pH balance
Production of adrenalin in response to stress
The functions of the urinary system include excretion of wastes, regulation of the amount of water, and regulation of the pH balance.
- Which of the following terms describes the functional unit of the kidney?
Cortex
Pelvis
Nephron
Collecting tubules
Nephron
The medical term for the functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.
- The ureter, the bladder, and the urethra are collectively termed the organs of:
urination.
micturition.
elimination.
collection.
elimination.
The organs of elimination are the ureter, the bladder, and the urethra
- Which of the following statements is true?
Urine contains 85 percent water and 15 percent solutes.
Urine contains 75 percent water and 25 percent solutes.
Urine contains 50 percent water and 50 percent solutes.
Urine contains 95 percent water and 5 percent solutes.
Urine contains 95 percent water and 5 percent solutes.
Urine contains 95 percent water and 5 percent solutes.
- The walls of the bladder in healthy adults are able to hold _________ mL of urine.
400
500
600
700
600
The walls of the bladder in healthy adults are able to stretch and hold as much as 600 mL of urine.
- In the male, the urethra is shared by the ______________ and _____________ systems.
urinary;endocrine
endocrine; reproductive
reproductive; urinary
urinary; circulatory
reproductive; urinary
The reproductive and urinary systems share the male urethra.
- Normally, urine is amber- or straw-colored, and clear. When allowed to stand for a period of time, urine becomes:
pale.
cloudy.
bright yellow.
brown.
cloudy.
When urine is allowed to stand, it becomes cloudy. Normally, it is straw-colored and clear.
- In a 24-hour period, the kidneys normally produce ___________ to __________ mL of urine.
250; 500
600; 750
1000; 1250
1500; 2000
1500; 2000
The kidneys produce 1500 to 2000 mL of urine in a 24-hour period.
- The bladder voids approximately ________ mL at a time.
50
100
250
600
250
The bladder normally voids approximately 250 mL of urine at one time.
- Which of the following terms is used to describe the act of urination?
Voiding
Filtration
Incontinence
Irrigation
Voiding
The medical term for urination is voiding.
- Which of the following terms describes the passing of a rubber or plastic tube through the urethra into the bladder to allow the bladder to empty?
Irrigation
Dialysis
Catheterization
Cystoscopy
Catheterization
Catheterization of the bladder involves passing a rubber or plastic tube, the catheter, through the urethra into the bladder. The catheter allows the bladder to empty.
- Which of the following terms means blood in the urine?
Hematuria
Dysuria
Pyuria
Oliguria
Hematuria
The medical term for blood in the urine is hematuria.
- Which of the following terms means pus in the urine?
Hematuria
Dysuria
Pyuria
Oliguria
Pyuria
The medical term for pus in the urine is pyuria.
- Which of the following procedures uses a radiopaque dye and x-rays to visualize the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, and bladder?
KUB
Intravenous pyelogram
Cystoscopy
Urinalysis
Intravenous pyelogram
An intravenous pyelogram uses a radiopaque dye and x-rays to visualize the kidneys, renal, pelvis, ureters, and bladder.
- Which of the following diseases may be indicated by the presence of glucose in the urine?
Renal disease
Infection
Diabetes mellitus
Dehydration
Infection
Diabetes mellitus is the disease that may cause blood in the urine.
- Which of the following conditions may be indicated by the presence of white blood cells (WBCs) in the urine?
Renal disease
Infection
Diabetes mellitus
Dehydration
Infection
WBCs in the urine may indicate an infection.
- Which of the following may be found upon urinalysis if the patient has experienced trauma to the urinary system?
pH 8.0
Red blood cells (RBCs)
White blood cells (WBCs)
Protein
Red blood cells (RBCs)
A patient may have RBCs in the urinalysis if he or she has experienced trauma to the urinary system.
18. Which of the following conditions may be indicated by a high specific gravity? Renal disease Infection Diabetes mellitus Dehydration
Dehydration
Dehydration may be indicated by a high specific gravity.
- Which of the following terms is used to describe the inability to completely empty the bladder?
Anuria
Incontinence
Retention
Oliguria
Retention
Retention is the inability to urinate even though urine is present in the bladder.
- Which of the following terms describes urine remaining in the bladder after voiding?
Symphysis pubis
Residual urine
Oliguria
Dysuria
Residual urine
Urine remaining in the bladder after voiding is called residual urine. It is generally volumes of 100 mL or more.
- Which of the following terms describes the inability to control urination?
Anuria
Incontinence
Retention
Oliguria
Incontinence
Incontinence is the inability to control urination
- Which of the following terms describes having to urinate very often?
Oliguria
Frequency
Urgency
Incontinence
Frequency
Frequency refers to the need to urinate more often than usual.
- Which of the following terms describes feeling a great urge to urinate even when the bladder is empty?
Oliguria
Frequency
Urgency
Incontinence
Urgency
Urgency refers to feeling the need to urinate immediately.
- Which of the following terms describes difficult or painful urination?
Dialysis
Dysuria
Cystitis
Pyuria
Dysuria
The medical term for painful urination is dysuria
- Which of the following terms describes decreased urine output of 100 to 400 mL in a 24-hour period?
Oliguria
Anuria
Dysuria
Nocturia
Oliguria
Oliguria is the medical term for decreased urine output of 100 to 400 mL in a 24-hour period.
- Which of the following terms describes urine production measuring less than 100 mL in 24 hours?
Oliguria
Anuria
Dysuria
Nocturia
Anuria
The medical term for no measurable production of urine, or less than 100 mL in 24 hours, is anuria.
- Which of the following conditions could be treated using lithotripsy?
Cystitis Pyelonephritis Kidney stones Enlarged prostate Kidney stones may be treated by using a lithotripsy, which crushes kidney stones.
Kidney stones
Kidney stones may be treated by using a lithotripsy, which crushes kidney stones.
- Women should be instructed to wipe from front to back to prevent which of the following conditions?
Ureteritis
Kidney stones
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Alkalosis
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Instruct a female patient to wipe from front to back to avoid contaminating the urinary tract with stool. This prevents UTIs.
- Which of the following terms describes an infection of the kidneys?
Nephritis
Pyelonephritis
Cystitis
Urethritis
Pyelonephritis
The medical term for kidney infection is pyelonephritis.
- Which of the following terms describes a condition that is caused by uncontrolled contraction or overactivity of the detrusor muscle?
Urge incontinence
Cystitis
Frequency
Urgency
Urge incontinence
Urge incontinence or overactive bladder is a condition caused by uncontrolled contractions or overactivity of the detrusor muscle.
- Which of the following terms describes the severe impairment or total lack of kidney function?
Azotemia
Anuria
Pyelonephritis
Renal failure
Renal failure
The severe impairment or total lack of kidney function is called renal failure.
- Which of the following terms describes a procedure used to provide direct visualization of the interior of the bladder?
Renal arteriogram
Renal biopsy
Cystoscopy
IVP
Cystoscopy
A cystoscopy is used to provide direct visualization of the interior of the bladder.
- Which of the following terms describes the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood secondary to renal failure?
Azotemia
Hyponatremia
Alkalosis
Acidosis
Azotemia
Azotemia is the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood.
- Which of the following terms describes a technique that moves substances from the blood through a semipermeable membrane that is used to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances and remove waste products in case of kidney failure?
Catheterization
Dialysis
Cystoscopy
Lithotripsy
Dialysis
Dialysis is a technique that moves substances from the blood through a semipermeable membrane that is used to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances and remove waste products in case of kidney failure.
- A kidney that does not work properly fails to eliminate drugs as expected, and the drugs accumulate in the body with each dose; therefore, the patient must be watched closely for drug ______________whenever there is suspected problems with the kidneys.
side effects
antagonism
adverse reactions
toxicity
toxicity
A kidney that does not work properly fails to eliminate drugs as expected, and the drugs accumulate in the body with each dose; therefore, the patient must be watched for closely for drug toxicity whenever there is suspected problems with the kidneys.
- Which of the following describes the percentage of water in the body of an average adult?
20-30 percent
40-50 percent
50-60 percent
70-80 percent
50-60 percent
The body of an average adult contains 50-60 percent water.
- When the kidneys are diseased, the body may not be able to maintain a balance between intake and output, and it is sometimes necessary to keep track of the intake and output of:
medications.
foods.
fluids.
electrolytes.
fluids.
When the kidneys are diseased, the body may not be able to maintain a balance between intake and output, and it is sometimes necessary to keep track of fluid intake and output.
- Which of the following terms describes an abnormal accumulation of fluids in the interstitial spaces of the tissues?
Edema
Cystitis
Diaphoresis
Irrigation
Edema
The abnormal accumulation of fluids in the interstitial spaces of the tissues is called edema.
- Which of the following terms describes excessive loss of water from the tissues?
Oliguria
Acidosis
Dehydration
Urgency
Dehydration
Dehydration results from an excessive loss of water from the tissues.
- Which of the following may be prescribed for a vomiting patient who loses too much water?
Diuretics
IV fluids
Benadryl S
odium bicarbonate
IV fluids
Vomiting patients who lose too much water may need IV fluids.
- Which of the following may be prescribed for a patient with edema to make the kidneys excrete more urine?
Diuretics
IV fluids
Benadryl
Sodium bicarbonate
Diuretics
A diuretic may be prescribed for a patient with edema to make the kidneys excrete more urine.
- Which of the following describes a scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity of fluid?
pH
ABO
Metric
Kelvin
pH
pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
- Which of the following terms describes a pH of less than 7.0?
Alkalosis
Acidosis
Homeostasis
Dehydration
Acidosis
A condition in which there is an excess proportion of acid in the blood is known as acidosis.
- Which of the following may be a side effect of medications given for urinary tract infections?
Hypertension
Pyuria
Urine discoloration
Dysuria
Urine discoloration
A side effect of a medication may cause the urine to discolor the urine and stain clothing. It is important to tell patients it is normal and no reason for concern. Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) is a urinary analgesic that may discolor the urine.
- Which of the following is a side effect of some thiazides?
Potassium loss
Calcium loss
Magnesium loss
Iron loss
Potassium loss
Thiazides act primarily by inhibiting reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubules of the nephron. When the increased sodium is present in digital tubules, there is a corresponding increase in potassium excretion
- Which of the following is a side effect of too low a level of potassium resulting in fatigue, muscle weakness, and cardiac changes such as disturbances in the electrical impulses that stimulate the heartbeat?
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia or low potassium is a side effect of diuretic therapy. Other side effects are fatigue, muscle weakness, and cardiac changes such as disturbances in the electrical impulses that stimulate the heartbeat.
- Which of the following can be replaced by eating a diet rich in potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium?
Fluids
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Vitamins
Electrolytes
Electrolytes may be replaced by eating a diet rich in potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium.
- Which of the following conditions may have symptoms that include swollen arms and legs and, possibly, a swollen abdomen?
Hypokalemia
Edema
Anemia
Nephritis
Edema
Edema may have symptoms that include swollen arms and legs and, possibly, a swollen abdomen. Edema is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the interstitial space of tissues.
- Nutrient-based solutions such as Pedialyte, Lytren, Ricelyte, and Resol are used in which of the following types of therapies?
Oral rehydration therapy
IV rehydration therapy
Parenteral rehydration therapy
Percutaneous rehydration therapy
Oral rehydration therapy
Nutrient-based solutions such as Pedialyte, Lytren, Ricelyte, and Resol are the most frequently used solutions for oral rehydration.
- Which of the following statements is NOT true about the management of pediatric dehydration?
Avoid a clear liquid intake.
Avoid beverages containing caffeine.
Avoid broths.
Avoid low-sodium, water, breast milk, and half-strength or lactose-free formulas.
Avoid low-sodium, water, breast milk, and half-strength or lactose-free formulas.
To correctly manage pediatric dehydration, the patient should be educated to avoid clear liquid intake. These fluids have high carbohydrate content but are very low in electrolytes. Avoid beverages containing caffeine because caffeine has a diuretic effect. Avoid broths because they are high in sodium and have adequate carbohydrate content.
- Protein in the urine may be an indication of which of the following?
Renal disease
Infection
Diabetes
Trauma
Renal disease
Protein in the urine when performing a urinalysis may indicate renal disease.
- Tolterodine (Detrol) is the drug of choice for which of the following conditions?
Pyelonephritis
Overactive bladder
Urinary tract infection
Edema
Overactive bladder
Tolterodine (Detrol) is the drug of choice in the treatment of an overactive bladder.
- Which of the following imbalances may occur secondary to kidney malfunction, improper diets, or unusual physical activity?
Fluid-electrolyte Acid-base Input-output Hypotension-hypertension .
Fluid-electrolyte
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance may occur secondary to kidney malfunction, improper diets, or unusual physical activity
- Slow-K and calcium gluconate are examples of which of the following?
Antibiotics
Diuretics
Replacement electrolytes
Antiseptics
Replacement electrolytes
Slow-K and calcium gluconate are examples of replacement electrolytes.
- Furosemide (Lasix) is an example of which of the following?
Antiseptic
Diuretic
Replacement electrolyte
Acidifier
Diuretic
Furosemide (Lasix) is a diuretic.
- Sodium chloride and dextrose solutions are examples of which of the following?
Replacement fluids
Diuretics
Urinary antiseptics
Alkalizers
Replacement fluids
Dextrose solutions and sodium chloride are examples of replacement fluids.
- Nausea, thirst, fatigue, dry mouth, muscle weakness, and an irregular pulse are signs of which of the following conditions?
Electrolyte imbalance
Kidney disease
Diabetes
Acid/base imbalance
Electrolyte imbalance
Nausea, thirst, fatigue, dry mouth, muscle weakness, and an irregular pulse are signs of electrolyte imbalance.
- The washing out of a structure with a solution is termed _______________.
irrigation
Explanation: Irrigation is the term for flushing out with a solution.
- The main waste product contained in urine is ___________.
urea
Explanation: Urea is the main waste product in urine.
- ___________________ is a state of equilibrium of the body’s internal environment, as with body fluids.
Homeostasis
Explanation: Homeostasis is the state of equilibrium of the body’s internal environment, as with body fluids.
- The three main functions of the urinary system are excreting, maintaining homeostasis, and regulating __________ balance.
pH
Explanation: The three main functions of the urinary system are excreting, maintaining homeostasis, and regulating pH balance.
- The functional unit of the kidney is the _____________.
nephron
Explanation: The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.
- The three main functions of the urinary system are carried out through the process of _____________ the blood.
filtering
Explanation: The three main functions of the urinary system are carried out through the process of filtering the blood.
- The fluid that is formed in the kidneys and flows through the ureters to the bladder is __________.
urine
Explanation: Urine is the fluid formed in the kidneys that flows through the ureters to the bladder.
- The muscular walls of the bladder are able to stretch out and hold as much as _______ mL of urine.
600
Explanation: The muscular walls of the bladder are able to stretch out and hold as much as 600 mL of urine.
- When the bladder contains about 250 mL of urine, nerve endings signal and create the need to urinate or _________.
void
Explanation: Voiding is the act of urination. This usually happens when the bladder contains about 250 mL of urine.
- During urination, urine passes out of the body by way of the _____________.
urethra
Explanation: The urethra is the tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body. Urine passes through the urethra during urination.
- The male urethra is shared by the urinary and ________________ systems.
reproductive
Explanation: The male urethra is shared by the urinary and reproductive systems.
- Urine is 90 to 95 percent ___________ and 5 to 10 percent _________ products.
water, waste
Explanation: Urine is 90 to 95 percent water and 5 to 10 percent waste products.
- The bladder voids approximately ________ mL of urine at a time.
250
Explanation: The bladder voids approximately 250 mL of urine at a time.
- The kidneys produce about __________ to ______ mL of urine in a 24-hour period.
1500; 2000
Explanation: The kidneys produce about 1500 to 2000 mL of urine in a 24-hour period.
- Cloudy or foamy urine may alert the physician to possible renal disease or _____________.
infection
Explanation: Cloudy or foamy urine may alert the physician to possible renal disease or infection.
- When patients cannot empty the bladder on their own, a(n) ____________ may be passed through the urethra into the bladder to allow the bladder to empty.
catheter
Explanation: When patients cannot empty the bladder on their own, a catheter may be passed through the urethra into the bladder to allow the bladder to empty.
- Blood in the urine is termed _____________.
hematuria
Explanation: The medical term for blood in the urine is hematuria.
- Pus is the urine is termed _____________.
pyuria
Explanation: The medical term for pus in the urine is pyuria.
- An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) uses a radiopaque ___________ to visualize the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, and bladder.
dye
Explanation: An IVP uses a radiopaque dye to visualize the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, and bladder.
- Diabetes mellitus may be suspected if the patient presents with __________ in the urine upon urinalysis.
glucose
Explanation: Diabetes mellitus may be suspected if the patient presents with glucose in the urine. Glucose in the urine is not normal.
- If more than 8 WBCs are found when doing a urinalysis, the physician may suspect that the patient has a(n) _______________.
infection
Explanation: The normal value for WBCs in the urine is 0 to 8.0. A result greater than 8.0 may indicate an infection.
- The test that provides direct visualization of the bladder through a flexible scope is ________________.
cystoscopy
Explanation: Direct visualization of the bladder through a flexible scope is called a cystoscopy.
- Inability to completely empty the bladder is called _____________.
retention
Explanation: Retention is the inability to completely empty the bladder even though urine is in the bladder.
- Urine remaining in the bladder after voiding (volumes of 100 mL or more) is called _____________________.
residual urine
Explanation: Residual urine is urine remaining in the bladder after voiding (volumes of 100 mL or more).
- Inability to control urination is known as _________________.
incontinence
Explanation: The inability to control urination is called incontinence.
- Having to urinate very often is termed _______________.
frequency
Explanation: Frequency refers to the need to urinate more often than normal.
- Difficult or painful urination is termed _____________.
dysuria
Explanation: The medical term for difficult or painful urination is called dysuria.
- A decreased urine output of 100 to 400 mL in a 24-hour period is termed ____________.
oliguria
Explanation: A decreased urine output of 100 to 400 mL in a 24-period is called oliguria.
- Urine output of less than 100 mL in 24 hours is termed ____________.
anuria
Explanation: The medical term for a urine output of less than 100 mL in 24 hours is anuria.
- A patient may have to undergo lithotripsy if he or she develops kidney _________.
stones
Explanation: A procedure known as lithotripsy may be used to crush kidney stones.
- Inflammation of the bladder is termed _______________.
cystitis
Explanation: Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder caused by bacterial infection.
- Urge incontinence is also called _______________________.
overactive bladder
Explanation: Urge incontinence is also called overactive bladder. It is caused by uncontrolled contraction or overactivity of the detrusor muscle.
- Patients with renal failure often undergo ________________ which is a technique used to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances and remove waste products.
dialysis
Explanation: Dialysis is a technique used to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances and remove waste products in the case of renal failure.
- A patient with impaired renal function should be watched closely for signs of drug _________, because kidneys that do not work properly fail to eliminate drugs as expected, and the drugs build up (accumulate) in the body with each dose.
toxicity
Explanation: A patient with impaired renal function should be watched closely for signs of drug toxicity, because kidneys that do not work properly fail to eliminate drugs as expected, and the drugs build up (accumulate) in the body with each dose.
- The body of an average adult ranges from _________ to _________ percent water.
50; 60
Explanation: The body of an average adult ranges from 50 to 60 percent water.
- If water taken in by the body exceeds water lost, an abnormal accumulation of fluids in the interstitial spaces of the tissues, or ___________, occurs.
edema
Explanation: The accumulation of fluids in the interstitial spaces of the tissues is called edema.
- An excessive loss of water from the tissues is termed ________________.
dehydration
Explanation: Excessive loss of water from the tissues is called dehydration.
- A patient with edema may need a(n) ___________ to make the kidneys excrete more fluid.
diuretic
Explanation: A patient with edema may need a diuretic, a drug that reduces the body’s fluid volume by stimulating urine flow.
- Electrically charged particles that carry chemicals through the body fluids are termed _____________.
electrolytes
Explanation: An electrolyte is a substance that has the ability to carry an electrical charge.
- The concentration of hydrogen ions in a body fluid is called the ______ value.
pH
Explanation: pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
- Normal pH is 7.0. A pH below 7.0 is ___________.
acidic
Explanation: An acid is a substance with a low pH (below pH 7.0), the opposite of a base or alkali.
- Penicillins, cephalosporins, and sulfonamides are used to treat urinary tract ___________.
infections
Explanation: Penicillins, cephalosporins, and sulfonamides are used to treat urinary tract infections.
100.Patients taking Pyridium, an analgesic given to relive the low back pain that accompanies a UTI, should be warned that their urine may become __________.
orange
Explanation: Instruct patients taking phenazopyridine (Pyridium), an analgesic given to relieve low back pain that accompanies a UTI, that the urine will turn orange. This discoloration is normal.
101.Patients on some diuretic therapies may lose not only excess water from the body but also ________________, resulting in hypokalemia.
potassium
Explanation: Hypokalemia is low blood potassium level, less than 3.5 mEq/L. It may result from taking some diuretics and losing excess water from the body.
102.When a patient is unable to replace lost fluids and electrolytes, they are replaced through oral supplements or ___________ therapy using infusions such as dextrose 5% solution.
intravenous (IV)
Explanation: When a patient is unable to replace lost fluids and electrolytes, they are replaced through oral supplements or intravenous (IV) therapy using infusions such as dextrose 5% solution.
103.The administration of diuretics must be timed to avoid _______________ urination or excessive voiding at night.
nocturnal
Explanation: The administration of diuretics must be timed to avoid keeping the patient up at night going to the bathroom.
104.A patient with symptoms that include nausea, thirst, fatigue, dry mouth, muscle weakness, muscle cramps, and irregular pulse may be experiencing hypokalemia or low _____________ level.
potassium
Explanation: Symptoms of hypokalemia or low potassium may include nausea, thirst, fatigue, dry mouth, muscle weakness, muscle cramps, and irregular pulse.
105.Nutrient-based solutions such as Pedialyte, Lytren, and Ricelyte are the most frequently used solutions for _______ rehydration.
oral
Explanation: Nutrient-based solutions such as Pedialyte, Lytren, and Ricelyte are the most frequently used solutions for oral rehydration.
106.A bladder ________________, including instillation of an antiseptic or antibiotic solution, may be ordered to wash out the bladder of a patient with a severe bladder infection.
irrigation
Explanation: Bladder irrigation, including instillation of an antiseptic or antibiotic solution, may be ordered to wash out the bladder of a patient with a severe bladder infection.
107.It is essential to assess the patient’s medication history for medication that can cause urinary retention because that could result in urinary stasis, leading to urinary _______________.
infections
Explanation: It is essential to assess the patient’s medication history for medication that can cause urinary retention because that could result in urinary stasis, leading to urinary infections.
108.A patient exhibiting anuria may be diagnosed as having ______________ ______________.
kidney disease
Explanation: A patient that has anuria (less than 100 mL in 24 hours) may have kidney disease.
109.Bladder infections are frequently accompanied by _____________________ or _____________________ on urination.
pain; burning
Explanation: Bladder infections are frequently accompanied by pain or burning sensation on urination.
110.Tolterodine (Detrol) is the drug of choice for _____________ ________________.
overactive bladder
Explanation: The drug of choice for overactive bladder is tolterodine (Detrol). It works as a muscarine receptor antagonist in the bladder to cause increased bladder control.
111.The acronym CAPD stands for _____________ ___________ __________ ________.
continuous; ambulatory; peritoneal; dialysis
Explanation: The acronym CAPD stands for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis involves the clearing of waste products by means of fluid exchanges across the abdominal lining, the peritoneum. It frees the patient from sitting for hours attached to a machine.
112.When the kidneys do not receive enough blood, as in the case of congestive heart failure, ____________________ occurs.
edema
Explanation: When the kidneys do not receive enough blood, as in the case of congestive heart failure, edema occurs. Diseases in other parts of the body may slow the work of the kidneys, even though the kidneys themselves are not damaged.
113.A(n) __________________________ may be given if a drug works best in an alkaline pH.
alkalizer
Explanation: Alkalizers and acidfiers are given to help drugs produce their strongest effect. An alkaline pH may be needed if a drug works best in an alkaline pH. For example, sodium bicarbonate (an alkalizer) is given with certain sulfonamides that work best in an alkaline pH.
114.When acid urine is needed to enhance the action of a drug, _______________________ or ____________________________ may be given.
cranberry juice; ascorbic acid
Explanation: Acidfiers such as cranberry juice or ascorbic acid (vitamin C) may be given to increase an acid pH in the urine and enhance the action of certain drugs.
