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Psychology of Motivation (EXP4304) > Ch 12 - Economics of Motivation > Flashcards

Ch 12 - Economics of Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

The “cost of achievement” includes:

  1. __ (such as brain resources)
  2. The number of __ (going through 8 ppt slides)
  3. __ it takes to achieve.
A
  1. energy / brain resources
  2. number of responses (qty; going through an 8-slide .ppt)
  3. time
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2
Q

Tolman stated this principle where “final choices of alternative means-routes will always tend to occur in the direction of a minimum expenditure of physical energy.”

A

The Tolman Principle of Least Effort

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3
Q

In one word, what does the Tolman Principle of Least Effort state? What is it NOT?

A

Efficiency; laziness

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4
Q

This principle is similar to Tolman’s, however, it relates to cognitive energy, not physical energy.

A

Zipf’s Principle of Least Effort

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5
Q

Zipf’s Principle of Least effort says 2 things about the use of words:

  1. Frequently used words have more __ than infrequently used words.
  2. __ words are use less frequently than __ words.
A

meaning

longer; shorter

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6
Q

The word fridge being used instead of refrigerator is an example of what?

The word run can be used to describe a physical activity, an application, pursuit of public office, etc.. What is this an example of?

A

Zipf’s Principle of Least Effort (x2)

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7
Q

Taking opportunities to save time and effort is known as __ __.

List 2 examples: one using food, the other using navigating through campus.

A

Behavioral economizing

Instead of cooking, you order fast food; and instead of staying on the path, you cut through the grass.

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8
Q

In __ economizing, one follows the rules to make __ easer.

It means planning, problem solving, and making __ with the __ amount of effort.

A

cognitive; decisions

decisions; least

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9
Q

3 examples of cognitive economizing include avoiding choice __ (too many choices), __ (determining minimum standards even if it excludes some choices), and __ (rule of thumb).

A

overload; satisficing; heuristics

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10
Q

When an individual is faced with too many alternatives from which to choose, which has a demotivating effect on making a choice.

A

Choice overload

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11
Q

Finding a satisfactory option or satisfactory choice but not necessarily the best choice in a situation and basing a decision on that.

A

Satisficing (portmanteau of satisfy and sacrifice)

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12
Q

An object or event that is recognized as belonging to a particular category based on the resemblance to a typical member of the category is a __ __.

A

Representative heuristic

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13
Q

When one chooses a candidate based on the number of adds and flyers they saw around town, their judgment is said to be based on an __ __.

A

Availability heuristic

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14
Q

You’re given a plant and told it’s a maple sapling (the leaves look like maple leaves). It turns out to be Abutilon ‘Tiger Eye’. What principle did the gifter use when they told the giftee it was a maple?

A

Representative heuristic

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15
Q

Brain imaging shows the principle of __ __ in effect; you’ll use strategies you normally rely on because they’re __ and produce the __ cortical arousal.

This is proof of the concept of brain __ and demonstrates how resources for __ are finite.

A

least effort;
efficient; least

economizing; processing

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16
Q

__ __ is a hypothetical amount of available activity for obtaining reinforcers; it’s related to __.

A

Reflex reserve; persistence

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17
Q

Acquired ability to sustain physical or mental effort or to be persistent in spite of building up subjective fatigue. Makes success form likely.

A

Learned industriousness

18
Q

Responding in times of mental or physical fatigue; willing to work longer without a reward and despite fatigue; related to grit.

A

Learned industriousness.

19
Q

An individual difference variable that refers to consistent interest and passion for long-term goals and persisting in trying to achieve them.

A

Grit

20
Q

As __ effort increases, motivation decreases. This relates to __ consumption and __ exertion.

A

subjective

energy; perceived

21
Q

Where does motivational energy come from?

A

Carbs

22
Q

__-__ is the resolve to remain on track toward a goal based on the ability to override desires, emotions, or impulses that interrupt goal achievement behavior.

A

self-control

23
Q

When dieting, people are more likely to cheat when given challenging puzzles than when given easy puzzles.

This is due to the fact that __-__ causes increased mental __ in order to stay on task.

A

self-control; exertion

24
Q

The law of __ states that humans and non-human animals will work if deprived of a reinforcer, such as food.

A

scarcity

25
Q

The __ law defines what you are willing to pay for a reinforcer.

A

demand

26
Q

__ behavior is behavior that is executed because it produces some type of consequence.

A

Operant

27
Q

The ratio between the number of responses (e.g., lever presses) required for a single reinforcer (e.g., a food pellet); ratio of responses per reinforcer.

A

Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement (or fixed ratio).

28
Q

As the __ __ (FR) requirement is increased, demand for reinforcers __.

A

fixed ratio; decreases.

29
Q

Food and shelter are __ resistant to increased demand because they are __ demands.

On the other hand, luxuries, such as entertainment and dining out, are __ resistant to increased demand (__ prices) because people are only willing to pay so much; therefore they are said to be __ demands.

A

more; inelastic

less; higher; elastic

30
Q

T or F: inelastic demands are more resistant to increased demand, and demand does not change.

A

False - sadly some inelastic demands, like medicine for seniors, become elastic when affordability is out of reach.

31
Q

If the cost of instrumental behaviors is too high, __ demands well become __ demands.

A

inelastic; elastic

32
Q

When incentives are easily acquired, there appears to be no preference. However, as incentives become scarce (not enough time, energy or money to acquire them), what is revealed?

A

Differences in preference for incentives becomes clearer - you’ll buy only those incentives that are subjectively most valuable.

33
Q

One reinforcer can replace another provided they serve the same function. This is known as the __ __.

Describe an example using coffee.

A

Substitution effect.

If your fav Starbucks latte goes up in price, you may buy an Americano, or you may go to DD.

34
Q

Increase in price of one reinforcer __ the demand for the __; eventually demand for the expensive item __.

This is known as the __ effect.

A

increases; substitute; lowers

subsitution

35
Q

If one behavior is restricted, then another behavior will increase. This is known as the __ __ among behaviors.

A

substitution effect

36
Q

T or F: The substitution effect of behavior means that if you were going to go to the beach, but it rains out, you’ll choose clean the house instead.

A

False - a substitution of behaviors would be within the same category (one recreational activity replaced with another; not a chore).

37
Q

Dating comes with an __ cost because you can’t be on two dates simultaneously.

A

Opportunity

38
Q

In the __ __ of commitment, there are 3 type of people:

  1. stayers - their __ __ is increased, so the cost to continue the relationship __.
  2. leavers - there is no __ or __ in reward, but the cost to continue __.
  3. abandoned - the cost to continue __, and the __ __ value decreased.
A

Investment Model

reward value; decreased

increase; decrease; increased

increased; alternate reward

39
Q

Helping:
People high in __ are more likely to help, but the cost of helping may reduce __. The level of arousal of __ determines the likelihood of helping.

A

empathy; empathy

empathy

40
Q

The principle of least effort is evident in the modern-day __: energy intake is easier, and work load is lower.

A

obesity

41
Q

Economic principles characterize many behaviors including dating, attending __ (tuition plus lost __), helping others, obesity, and choice of a __ (the number of years of study required).

A

college; wages; career

Psychology of Motivation (EXP4304) (9 decks)

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