Ch 12 - Economics of Motivation Flashcards
The “cost of achievement” includes:
- __ (such as brain resources)
- The number of __ (going through 8 ppt slides)
- __ it takes to achieve.
- energy / brain resources
- number of responses (qty; going through an 8-slide .ppt)
- time
Tolman stated this principle where “final choices of alternative means-routes will always tend to occur in the direction of a minimum expenditure of physical energy.”
The Tolman Principle of Least Effort
In one word, what does the Tolman Principle of Least Effort state? What is it NOT?
Efficiency; laziness
This principle is similar to Tolman’s, however, it relates to cognitive energy, not physical energy.
Zipf’s Principle of Least Effort
Zipf’s Principle of Least effort says 2 things about the use of words:
- Frequently used words have more __ than infrequently used words.
- __ words are use less frequently than __ words.
meaning
longer; shorter
The word fridge being used instead of refrigerator is an example of what?
The word run can be used to describe a physical activity, an application, pursuit of public office, etc.. What is this an example of?
Zipf’s Principle of Least Effort (x2)
Taking opportunities to save time and effort is known as __ __.
List 2 examples: one using food, the other using navigating through campus.
Behavioral economizing
Instead of cooking, you order fast food; and instead of staying on the path, you cut through the grass.
In __ economizing, one follows the rules to make __ easer.
It means planning, problem solving, and making __ with the __ amount of effort.
cognitive; decisions
decisions; least
3 examples of cognitive economizing include avoiding choice __ (too many choices), __ (determining minimum standards even if it excludes some choices), and __ (rule of thumb).
overload; satisficing; heuristics
When an individual is faced with too many alternatives from which to choose, which has a demotivating effect on making a choice.
Choice overload
Finding a satisfactory option or satisfactory choice but not necessarily the best choice in a situation and basing a decision on that.
Satisficing (portmanteau of satisfy and sacrifice)
An object or event that is recognized as belonging to a particular category based on the resemblance to a typical member of the category is a __ __.
Representative heuristic
When one chooses a candidate based on the number of adds and flyers they saw around town, their judgment is said to be based on an __ __.
Availability heuristic
You’re given a plant and told it’s a maple sapling (the leaves look like maple leaves). It turns out to be Abutilon ‘Tiger Eye’. What principle did the gifter use when they told the giftee it was a maple?
Representative heuristic
Brain imaging shows the principle of __ __ in effect; you’ll use strategies you normally rely on because they’re __ and produce the __ cortical arousal.
This is proof of the concept of brain __ and demonstrates how resources for __ are finite.
least effort;
efficient; least
economizing; processing
__ __ is a hypothetical amount of available activity for obtaining reinforcers; it’s related to __.
Reflex reserve; persistence
Acquired ability to sustain physical or mental effort or to be persistent in spite of building up subjective fatigue. Makes success form likely.
Learned industriousness
Responding in times of mental or physical fatigue; willing to work longer without a reward and despite fatigue; related to grit.
Learned industriousness.
An individual difference variable that refers to consistent interest and passion for long-term goals and persisting in trying to achieve them.
Grit
As __ effort increases, motivation decreases. This relates to __ consumption and __ exertion.
subjective
energy; perceived
Where does motivational energy come from?
Carbs
__-__ is the resolve to remain on track toward a goal based on the ability to override desires, emotions, or impulses that interrupt goal achievement behavior.
self-control
When dieting, people are more likely to cheat when given challenging puzzles than when given easy puzzles.
This is due to the fact that __-__ causes increased mental __ in order to stay on task.
self-control; exertion
The law of __ states that humans and non-human animals will work if deprived of a reinforcer, such as food.
scarcity
