Ch 11 - Goal Motivation

Question 1

A __ is an incentive that is chosen to be acquired or achieved.

Answer 1

Goal

Question 2

The 4 sources of goals include:

1. __: the anticipatory feeling of reaching a goal
2. __: a goal’s subjective value that determines if it will be selected.
3. __-__: one’s belief about their ability to perform a task.
4. __: social comparisons can set performance goals.

Answer 2

Affect, Valence, Self-efficacy, People

Question 3

__ is positive or negative emotional feeling that the anticipated goal produces.

Positive __ leads to approach; negative __ leads to avoidance.

Answer 3

affect (x3)

Question 4

__ is the subjective value of a stimulus that produces a psychological __ and determines if it will be __.

__ __ describes the satisfaction obtained from achieving a goal.

__ is positive or negative emotional feeling that the __ goal produces.

Answer 4

Valence; demand; selected

Achievement valance

Affect; anticipated

Question 5

What 2 things do goals satisfy?

Answer 5

psychological and physiological needs.

Question 6

__-__ describes one’s capability to perform a task.

Answer 6

self-efficacy

Question 7

One source of goals is __; social comparison to other __ can be used to set goals.

Answer 7

people; people.

Question 8

If you try painting for the first time and are complimented (for a successful attempt), you may end up taking painting. What did your success raise? What does that cause?

Answer 8

It raised your self-efficacy.

It causes increased goal motivation (taking up painting).

Question 9

Goal __ is the hierarchical rank of a goal that is based on the __ of a goal.

Higher __ goals have higher __.

Answer 9

level; value

level; value

Question 10

Goal __ describes how hard it is to achieve a goal.

__ goals produce __ performance than easy goals; higher goal levels and goal __ are associated with greater outcomes.

Answer 10

difficulty

Difficult; greater; difficulty

Question 11

__ __ describes the satisfaction obtained from achieving a goal.

Note: It’s important to set __ goals, but not so __ such that the probability of failure is greater than the probability of success.

Answer 11

Achievement valance.

high (x2)

Question 12

Visualizing a goal.

Answer 12

Goal imagery

Question 13

How precisely a goal is envisioned

Answer 13

goal specificity

Question 14

How does goal imagery help achieve future goals?

Answer 14

By imagining details about a goal, you are better able to define, and therefore plan, your goal (e.g., visualizing working from home helps plan for careers that can accommodate that goal).

Question 15

What two things does goal specificity increase?

Answer 15

It increases planning and the amount of energy expended in a task.

Question 16

Goal level affects __ (amount of work done); however, goal specificity affects the __ of performance.

For example, if you are told to improve 3 things about your home (goal __), but not told what to improve, you’ll have a highly __ outcome (due to no goal __).

Answer 16

magnitude; variability

level; variable; specificity

Question 17

This theory states that choices are made according to the expected utility, not the actual utility.

Goal utility (U) multiplies with the probability or expectancy (E) of achieving the goal. The emphasis is on the product of (E x 􏰁U) to determine goal selection.

Answer 17

Expected Utility Theory

Question 18

__ __ is a personal estimate of whether a goal can be achieved. It is used when determining expected __.

Answer 18

Subjective probability.

Utility.

Question 19

__ affects the manner in which a goal is perceived.

For example, is a goal an __ for making a gain, or is the goal to __ loss?

Answer 19

Framing

opportunity; avoid

Question 20

How a choice is __, combined with the __ of achievement, determines a person’s decision.

Answer 20

framed; probability

Question 21

What is the formula for expected utility?

Answer 21

EU = Utility x subjective probability

Question 22

When evaluating choices with equal expected utility and high probability, people prefer the __ prospect of winning a __ reward over the __ prospect of winning a __ reward.

When choices of equal expected utility have a very low probability, the __ is true; choices are made based on __ alone.

Answer 22

higher; lower; lower; higher

inverse; utility

Question 23

A lottery ticket gives you a 90% chance to win $3000.

What is the utility? What is the expected utility?

Answer 23

Utility = $3000

EU = $2,700

Question 24

If the expected utility of 3 prospects is equal, then according to Expected Utility Theory, which prospect would be chosen?

What has been shown to be a big influence on how choices are made?

Answer 24

Choices would be equally divided.

How the choices are FRAMED.

Question 25

Gains with a __ probability of success are preferred even if the value of the gain is __.

Losses that have a __ probability of occurring are preferred even if the value of the loss has a __ value.

This demonstrates how __ of a question/choice, and the __ placed on losing or gaining, influences the choices made.

Answer 25

high; low

low; high

framing; emphasis

Question 26

Goal __ is a process by which a person becomes set to achieve a goal.

It includes factors such as d__, p__, e__, and __ expenditure in pursuit of the goal.

Answer 26

commitment;

determination, persistence, effort, time expenditure

Question 27

Publicly announcing a goal makes it harder to __ the goal by creating external __.

Answer 27

abandon; accountability

Question 28

__ tells one how they are progressing towards their goal. It enables one to assess which __ behaviors are effective.

Goals don’t motivate behavior if __ is not provided.

Answer 28

Feedback; instrumental

Feedback

Question 29

T or F:

1. Being given a goal without feedback is sufficient to motivate behavior.
2. Given feedback without a goal is sufficient to motivate behavior.

Answer 29

1 and 2: False - both a goal and feedback are needed to motivate behavior.

Question 30

The extent to which a person wishes to excel, do better, or gain something not currently possessed is known as their __ of __; and it is the origin of a __.

Answer 30

level of aspiration; goal

Question 31

There are 2 types of goal thoughts:

1. __ thoughts consisting of daydreams/fantasies about gaol achievement.
2. __ thoughts which are mental attempts to develop strategies to achieve a goal.

Answer 31

1. Respondent

2. Operant

Question 32

What are respondent thoughts?

Operant thoughts?

Answer 32

Daydreams or fantasies about achieving a goal.

Mental attempts to develop strategies to achieve a goal.

Question 33

To go to law school, you first have __ thoughts about attending law school followed by __ thoughts for developing strategies consisting of several __-__ to get to law school.

Answer 33

respondent; operant; sub-goals

Question 34

A __ __ is a mental image of the relationship among features in the environment and the goal.

It gives one a sense of their current location __ to attaining that goal.

Answer 34

cognitive map

relative

Question 35

__ are highly stereotyped sequences of behavioral acts. They provide a __-__-__ plan to achieve a goal. They also provide detailed __ on how to accomplish goals.

Answer 35

Scripts;

step-by-step;

knowledge

Question 36

T or F: people are unique and vary in their thinking; therefore, they show a low level of agreement for the behavioral elements needed to achieve a goal.

Answer 36

False - goal achievement shows a high level of agreement with regards to instrumental behaviors.

Question 37

__ are abstract series of behavioral acts necessary for goal achievement. __ include a series of __-__ that must be met to reach the final goal.

Answer 37

Plans

Plans; sub-goals

Question 38

__ are highly stereotyped sequences of behavior. __ are abstract series of behavior.

__ are more general than __. You can be vague about your __ (e.g., a __ for a fun party), but that is not the case with a __.

Answer 38

Scripts;
Plans

Plans; scripts.
plans; plan; script

Question 39

Goal __ has an __ function; it motivates one to expend __ thereby affecting the __ of work done and, as a consequence, __ performance.

Answer 39

level; energizing

energy; amount; increases

Question 40

Goal specificity serves what kind of function? How does it inform someone regarding their behavior?

On the other hand, motivational orientation serves what type of function?

Answer 40

Directing function.
It informs one about specific behaviors needed to achieve a goal.

Consistently directs one towards an extrinsic or intrinsic source of motivation.

Question 41

General consequences of success and failure on goals:
Goals are usually raised after __.
Goals are usually lowered after __.
High __-__ individuals will increase effort after __.
Low __-__ individuals will decrease effort after __.

Answer 41

success
failure
self-efficacy; failure
self-efficacy; failure

Question 42

Stimuli with the highest __ are selected as goals.

Answer 42

valence

Question 43

List the 4 sources of goals:

Answer 43

Affect, Valence, Self-efficacy, People

Question 44

__ raises __-__ which increases goal motivation.

__ lowers __-__ which decreases goal motivation.

Answer 44

success; self-efficacy

failure; self-efficacy

Question 45

A __ __ is a mental image of the relationship among features in the environment and the goal.

Visualizing a goal is called __ __.

Answer 45

cognitive map

goal imagery