Ch 11 - Goal Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

A __ is an incentive that is chosen to be acquired or achieved.

A

Goal

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2
Q

The 4 sources of goals include:

  1. __: the anticipatory feeling of reaching a goal
  2. __: a goal’s subjective value that determines if it will be selected.
  3. __-__: one’s belief about their ability to perform a task.
  4. __: social comparisons can set performance goals.
A

Affect, Valence, Self-efficacy, People

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3
Q

__ is positive or negative emotional feeling that the anticipated goal produces.

Positive __ leads to approach; negative __ leads to avoidance.

A

affect (x3)

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4
Q

__ is the subjective value of a stimulus that produces a psychological __ and determines if it will be __.

__ __ describes the satisfaction obtained from achieving a goal.

__ is positive or negative emotional feeling that the __ goal produces.

A

Valence; demand; selected

Achievement valance

Affect; anticipated

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5
Q

What 2 things do goals satisfy?

A

psychological and physiological needs.

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6
Q

__-__ describes one’s capability to perform a task.

A

self-efficacy

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7
Q

One source of goals is __; social comparison to other __ can be used to set goals.

A

people; people.

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8
Q

If you try painting for the first time and are complimented (for a successful attempt), you may end up taking painting. What did your success raise? What does that cause?

A

It raised your self-efficacy.

It causes increased goal motivation (taking up painting).

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9
Q

Goal __ is the hierarchical rank of a goal that is based on the __ of a goal.

Higher __ goals have higher __.

A

level; value

level; value

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10
Q

Goal __ describes how hard it is to achieve a goal.

__ goals produce __ performance than easy goals; higher goal levels and goal __ are associated with greater outcomes.

A

difficulty

Difficult; greater; difficulty

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11
Q

__ __ describes the satisfaction obtained from achieving a goal.

Note: It’s important to set __ goals, but not so __ such that the probability of failure is greater than the probability of success.

A

Achievement valance.

high (x2)

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12
Q

Visualizing a goal.

A

Goal imagery

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13
Q

How precisely a goal is envisioned

A

goal specificity

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14
Q

How does goal imagery help achieve future goals?

A

By imagining details about a goal, you are better able to define, and therefore plan, your goal (e.g., visualizing working from home helps plan for careers that can accommodate that goal).

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15
Q

What two things does goal specificity increase?

A

It increases planning and the amount of energy expended in a task.

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16
Q

Goal level affects __ (amount of work done); however, goal specificity affects the __ of performance.

For example, if you are told to improve 3 things about your home (goal __), but not told what to improve, you’ll have a highly __ outcome (due to no goal __).

A

magnitude; variability

level; variable; specificity

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17
Q

This theory states that choices are made according to the expected utility, not the actual utility.

Goal utility (U) multiplies with the probability or expectancy (E) of achieving the goal. The emphasis is on the product of (E x 􏰁U) to determine goal selection.

A

Expected Utility Theory

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18
Q

__ __ is a personal estimate of whether a goal can be achieved. It is used when determining expected __.

A

Subjective probability.

Utility.

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19
Q

__ affects the manner in which a goal is perceived.

For example, is a goal an __ for making a gain, or is the goal to __ loss?

A

Framing

opportunity; avoid

20
Q

How a choice is __, combined with the __ of achievement, determines a person’s decision.

A

framed; probability

21
Q

What is the formula for expected utility?

A

EU = Utility x subjective probability

22
Q

When evaluating choices with equal expected utility and high probability, people prefer the __ prospect of winning a __ reward over the __ prospect of winning a __ reward.

When choices of equal expected utility have a very low probability, the __ is true; choices are made based on __ alone.

A

higher; lower; lower; higher

inverse; utility

23
Q

A lottery ticket gives you a 90% chance to win $3000.

What is the utility? What is the expected utility?

A

Utility = $3000

EU = $2,700

24
Q

If the expected utility of 3 prospects is equal, then according to Expected Utility Theory, which prospect would be chosen?

What has been shown to be a big influence on how choices are made?

A

Choices would be equally divided.

How the choices are FRAMED.

25
Q

Gains with a __ probability of success are preferred even if the value of the gain is __.

Losses that have a __ probability of occurring are preferred even if the value of the loss has a __ value.

This demonstrates how __ of a question/choice, and the __ placed on losing or gaining, influences the choices made.

A

high; low

low; high

framing; emphasis

26
Q

Goal __ is a process by which a person becomes set to achieve a goal.

It includes factors such as d__, p__, e__, and __ expenditure in pursuit of the goal.

A

commitment;

determination, persistence, effort, time expenditure

27
Q

Publicly announcing a goal makes it harder to __ the goal by creating external __.

A

abandon; accountability

28
Q

__ tells one how they are progressing towards their goal. It enables one to assess which __ behaviors are effective.

Goals don’t motivate behavior if __ is not provided.

A

Feedback; instrumental

Feedback

29
Q

T or F:

  1. Being given a goal without feedback is sufficient to motivate behavior.
  2. Given feedback without a goal is sufficient to motivate behavior.
A

1 and 2: False - both a goal and feedback are needed to motivate behavior.

30
Q

The extent to which a person wishes to excel, do better, or gain something not currently possessed is known as their __ of __; and it is the origin of a __.

A

level of aspiration; goal

31
Q

There are 2 types of goal thoughts:

  1. __ thoughts consisting of daydreams/fantasies about gaol achievement.
  2. __ thoughts which are mental attempts to develop strategies to achieve a goal.
A
  1. Respondent

2. Operant

32
Q

What are respondent thoughts?

Operant thoughts?

A

Daydreams or fantasies about achieving a goal.

Mental attempts to develop strategies to achieve a goal.

33
Q

To go to law school, you first have __ thoughts about attending law school followed by __ thoughts for developing strategies consisting of several __-__ to get to law school.

A

respondent; operant; sub-goals

34
Q

A __ __ is a mental image of the relationship among features in the environment and the goal.

It gives one a sense of their current location __ to attaining that goal.

A

cognitive map

relative

35
Q

__ are highly stereotyped sequences of behavioral acts. They provide a __-__-__ plan to achieve a goal. They also provide detailed __ on how to accomplish goals.

A

Scripts;

step-by-step;

knowledge

36
Q

T or F: people are unique and vary in their thinking; therefore, they show a low level of agreement for the behavioral elements needed to achieve a goal.

A

False - goal achievement shows a high level of agreement with regards to instrumental behaviors.

37
Q

__ are abstract series of behavioral acts necessary for goal achievement. __ include a series of __-__ that must be met to reach the final goal.

A

Plans

Plans; sub-goals

38
Q

__ are highly stereotyped sequences of behavior. __ are abstract series of behavior.

__ are more general than __. You can be vague about your __ (e.g., a __ for a fun party), but that is not the case with a __.

A

Scripts;
Plans

Plans; scripts.
plans; plan; script

39
Q

Goal __ has an __ function; it motivates one to expend __ thereby affecting the __ of work done and, as a consequence, __ performance.

A

level; energizing

energy; amount; increases

40
Q

Goal specificity serves what kind of function? How does it inform someone regarding their behavior?

On the other hand, motivational orientation serves what type of function?

A

Directing function.
It informs one about specific behaviors needed to achieve a goal.

Consistently directs one towards an extrinsic or intrinsic source of motivation.

41
Q

General consequences of success and failure on goals:
Goals are usually raised after __.
Goals are usually lowered after __.
High __-__ individuals will increase effort after __.
Low __-__ individuals will decrease effort after __.

A

success
failure
self-efficacy; failure
self-efficacy; failure

42
Q

Stimuli with the highest __ are selected as goals.

A

valence

43
Q

List the 4 sources of goals:

A

Affect, Valence, Self-efficacy, People

44
Q

__ raises __-__ which increases goal motivation.

__ lowers __-__ which decreases goal motivation.

A

success; self-efficacy

failure; self-efficacy

45
Q

A __ __ is a mental image of the relationship among features in the environment and the goal.

Visualizing a goal is called __ __.

A

cognitive map

goal imagery