Ch 10 - Extrinsic & Intrinsic Motivation Flashcards
__ select behaviors and __ the expression of said behaviors.
__ select against behaviors and __ the expression of said behaviors.
Reinforcers; increase
Punishers; decrease
__ are external stimuli that motivate or induce behavior. __ influence behavior based on an __ consequence of said behavior.
Incentives
Incentives; anticipated
Incentives are said to have __ properties because they influence behavior that will yield an __ consequence.
motivational; anticipated
__ __ is the attractiveness of an incentive based on objective properties (such monetary value) or subjective properties (such as how it makes us feel) is this.
Incentive value
An __ __ can be determined based on __ properties (such as buying art for investment purposes), or based on __ properties (buying for pleasure).
incentive value; objective; subjective
This law states that as objective incentive value increases, utility increases - but in smaller and smaller amounts (logarithmic, not linear or exponential).
Fechner’s law
Winning $100K does not hold the same incentive value for working stiffs vs. billionaires - what law explains this difference?
Fechner’s law
The subjective properties of an incentive, such as the satisfaction / pleasure it brings, or its usefulness, is said to be the incentives __.
utility
The time between the current behavior and the availability of a future incentive is an incentive __ __.
Describe an example using employment.
delay interval.
You work (current behavior), then you get paid in 2 weeks (future incentive).
__ __ is when a future incentive is represented today at a lower value.
The general formula for determining incentive value from its amount its delay is: Incentive value (IV) = \_\_ of incentive / (1 + \_\_ interval)
Delay discounting.
IV = Amount of incentive / (1 + delay interval)
As an incentive __ __ increases, the incentive __ decreases for both positive and __ incentives.
delay interval; value; negative
Which has a higher incentive value? Use the formula!
A. $100 bonus for reaching goal every 4 weeks, week 1.
B. $100 bonus for reaching goal every 4 weeks, week 3.
What does this mean in terms of job performance?
A: IV = 100 / (1 + 3 weeks remaining) = 25
B: IV = 100 / (1 + 1 week remaining) = 50
B has a higher IV, so you’ll work harder in week 3 than in week 1 (generally speaking).
The 3 explanations for delay discounting are:
- The probability of attaining an incentive __ as the incentive delay interval __.
- __ feelings decrease when incentive is farther away.
- Future incentives allow for more time to make a __.
decreases; increases
Hedonic
decision
Scenario:
A person prefers an immediate, smaller incentive in favor of a larger future incentive. However, as the time delay increases for the smaller incentive the person is more likely to choose the larger incentive. This is an example of a __ __.
preference reversal.
Initial preference for a smaller incentive, but as time delay increases, switches to the larger incentive.
Preference reversal
Preference reversal is related to __.
__, less important incentives are preferred to __, more important incentives.
procrastination
Immediate; delayed.
Losses are more dissatisfying than gains are satisfying (LLLtG).
For example, __ $50 is less satisfying than the dissatisfaction of __ $50.
Losses loom larger than gains.
Finding; loosing
Regarding home sales, the price a seller is willing to accept is always higher than the price a buyer is willing to pay. This is an example of what phrase?
losses loom larger than gains.
An __ __ (the number / objective quantity of incentive stimuli) can serve as a source of extrinsic motivation .
incentive amount
A __ __ (VI) schedule is a reinforcement tool used to produce predictable patterns of behavior in rats.
For example, a VI3 would reinforce behavior after __ minutes; then each reinforcement after is at a __ interval with a mean time of __ minutes.
variable interval.
three; variable; three minutes.
What is the variable interval:
5 min
3 min
7 min
5 min
5 minutes
If two incentives are the same, then humans and non-human animals will choose the incentive that serves as the greatest __.
For example, a treat (incentive) with a VI3 schedule vs. an equivalent treat with a VI5 schedule, the __ schedule incentive would be chosen.
reinforcement.
VI3
If one incentive on a VI5 schedule is better than an incentive on a VI2 schedule, humans and non-human animals will __ behaviors and choose the __ schedule incentive.
shift; VI5
__ __ describe the ability of an incentive to motivate contingent on prior experience.
Contrast effects
__ increases the value and demand for the deprived substance.
Deprivation
This hypothesis states that a high probability response can reinforce a low probability response, but NOT vice versa.
In relating to this hypothesis, __ can reinforce low-probability behavior (e.g., child can earn 1/2 hr of video game time for every hour they play outside).
probability-differential hypothesis
contingencies (video games contingent on going outside)
__ motivation is freely chosen; it’s inherent in the activity being performed.
There is no __ coercion as there is no __ motivation.
Intrinsic
external; extrinsic
Three factors of intrinsic motivation are:
- __: motive for learning about one’s environment
- __ motivation: motive to actively interact and control one’s environment.
- __: desirable subjective state when a person’s efforts match the skill level required (aka “__ spot”).
curiosity
effectance
flow; “sweet spot”
If one’s capabilities exceed the skill level required, __ results; if challenges exceed skills, __ results.
boredom; stress
__ motivation - a motive to interact with and control one’s environment - serves to develop __.
Effectance; competence.
__ __ theory states that adding extrinsic motivation to an intrinsically motivated behavior decreases __ interest because the __ reason for performing the behavior has changed.
However, it does increase __.
Cognitive Evaluation; intrinsic; perceived;
Performance
Support for Cognitive Evaluation Theory can be found in professional sports. Describe.
What happens if external incentives are lowered or removed?
Sports were started as children for intrinsic reasons, but extrinsic motivation (being a paid athlete) decreases intrinsic motivation.
Athletes won’t play as well (demotivated / reduced motivation), or they won’t play at all (Tom Brady / Patriots).
__ __ of Motives states that one originally performs a behavior for __ (external) reasons, but the behavior is maintained for __ (internal) reasons.
Explain using probation as an example.
Functional Autonomy; extrinsic; intrinsic.
One might enjoy volunteering as a result of mandated community service.
Consistently being directed towards an extrinsic or intrinsic source of motivation is called __ __.
motivational orientation.
One can be motivated to study in order to get a good grade or they can be motivated to study for the joy of learning. What forms of motivation are each?
Conversely, one can be motivated to get a good grade and because they like learning. Both the above and this example refer to motivational __.
good grade = extrinsic;
joy of learning = intrinsic
orientation
List the 3 factors that contribute to intrinsic motivation.
curiosity; effectance motivation; and flow
Positive __ __ is an upward shift in value correlated with increased motivation (e.g., pay raise = greater inducement to work harder).
contrast effect
Negative __ __ is a downward shift in value that is correlated with decreased motivation (e.g., cut in salary due to downsizing = decreased motivation / won’t work as hard.
contrast effect
