Ch 05 - Homeostasis

Question 1

__ is the constant stable internal environment that the body tries to maintain with various __ feedback systems

Answer 1

Homeostasis; negative

Question 2

The __ __ is the desired state of the body that is crucial for life, comfort, and safety.

Answer 2

set point

Question 3

A negative feedback system is a body’s __-__ process that reduces the discrepancy between the __ __ (desired state) and an actual bodily state.

These measures are initiated to return the body to __.

Answer 3

self-correcting; set point;

homeostasis.

Question 4

Deviations from the set point and actual physiological state establishes a __ __.

Deprivation of those __ produces a __ __ - the motive to seek out those substances.

Answer 4

physiological need;

needs; physiological drive

Question 5

This term describes changes in a person’s relative interior body sensations that determine whether a stimulus is experienced as pleasant or unpleasant.

Answer 5

Alliesthesia (milieu interieur)

Question 6

Deviations from the body’s set point temperature produce voluntary behaviors as well as involuntary behaviors, such as __ (increase blood to the skin) and __ (decrease blood to the skin and muscle shakes).

The body’s “thermostat” is the __; it establishes and monitors body temp.

Answer 6

vasodilation; shivering

hypothalamus

Question 7

What part of the brain triggers thirst?

Where does it get feedback from (3)?

Answer 7

hypothalamus (also controls temp)

mouth, throat, and stomach

Question 8

What are osmoreceptors and baroreceptors, and where are they located?

Answer 8

Osmoreceptors = neurons that shrink and expand with state of hydration and influence thirst.

Baroreceptors = neurons that detect stretch of hydration.

Both are in the brain.

Question 9

The pleasurable experience when drinking water (hedonic) is dependent on what?

Answer 9

Your state of dehydration - the more you’re dehydrated, the more pleasurable the water, esp if it’s cool water.

Question 10

The 3 major components of metabolism are:

1. __ metabolism: responsible for maintenance (60-75%)
2. __ effect: responsible for digestion and storage of food (10%)
3. __ __: voluntary movement (15-30%)

Answer 10

resting

thermic (think of how adipose/storage tissue is an insulator)

physical activity

Question 11

Body energy is measured in what unit?

How is this unit defined?

Answer 11

Calories.

Amount of heat required to raise 1g of H₂O by 1℃.

Question 12

Our main source of energy is __. Excess is stored as __ in liver and muscles for short-term storage, or it’s converted to __ for long-term storage.

Answer 12

glucose; glycogen; fat

Question 13

Energy usage:

When energy is needed and blood glucose is low, __ is converted to glucose. Also, __ (from fruits) is converted to __.

Answer 13

glycogen

fructose; glucose

Question 14

The __ __ Model of fat storage states that the body determines a specific amount of fat storage and will work to return the body to this amount when deviations occur.

Answer 14

Set Point

Question 15

The __ __ Model of fat storage predicts that the amount of fat stored is equal to the amount of food consumed MINUS the amount of energy expended; it’s analogous to a __ which dependent on the size and number of fat cells.

Answer 15

Energy Reservoir

Question 16

When do fat cells develop?

Answer 16

The last month of pregnancy and through the first 2 years of life.

Question 17

Stomach contractions, weakness, dizziness and salvation are all sensations of __. It is influenced by the hormone __ which is released by the stomach.

__ is the feeling of being replenished and is influenced by two hormones: __ released by the small intestine; and __ that is released by adipose.

Answer 17

hunger;
ghrelin

Satiety; CCK; leptin

Question 18

4 non-physiological mechanisms that affect eating:

1. __: if you forgot to eat because you were busy, then when you realize, you’re starving.
2. __: hedonic value determined by appearance, texture, aroma, etc. Sugar and fat increase __.
3. __ __: salivation, gastric juices, and insulin secretion in response to the sight or smell of a food and induces a __.
4. __-__ satiety: decreased preference for a food that you’ve been eating too much of.

Answer 18

1. memory
2. palatability; palatability
3. Cephalic response (it’s all in your head - you’re not really hungry!); craving
4. sensory-specific (SS = same shit).

Question 19

Preferences that are necessary for body growth and maintenance are what kind of preferences?

Answer 19

innate

Question 20

This effect impacts preferences for familiar foods / comfort foods.

Answer 20

mere exposure effect

Question 21

This phenomenon is an extreme dislike for a food.

Answer 21

taste aversion

Question 22

This usually occurs with a novel food, or with illness experienced after eating thereby creating a future conditioned response to the food.

Answer 22

Taste aversion

Question 23

Middle portion or zone of the boundary model of eating in which a person is not motivated to eat; the neutral zone regarding eating; the comfort zone.

With regards to eating, what kind of people have a greater zone?

Answer 23

zone of biological indifference

Dieters and anorexics.

Question 24

Regarding food and eating, this area is where social situations and palatability determine food consumption.

Answer 24

zone of biological indifference.

Question 25

This model of eating states that a zone of biological indifference is situated between an aversive __ state and a state of __.

Dieters and anorexics have lower hunger __ and higher satiety __.

Answer 25

Boundary model;
hunger; satiety

boundaries; boundaries

Question 26

This scale is used to measure the extent that people restrain their eating. Lower scores are __ eaters; higher scores are __ eaters.

Cognitive __ is released when people violate their diet or are tricked into believing they have violated their diet. These people have __-__-__ control, and violations usually result in overeating.

Answer 26

revised restraint scale.
unrestrained; restrained

restraint;
all-or-nothing

Question 27

Someone who scores high on the revised restraint scale means what with regards to food?

Answer 27

they are cognitively thinking of food (not subconsciously)

Question 28

Normal or obese dieters eat more following failure and less following success - they are said to be what kind of eaters?

What about normal or obese non-dieters?

Answer 28

Restrained eaters.

They are non-restrained eaters.

Question 29

Both positive and negative __ can remove diet boundaries in __ eaters.

For example, one experiment showed that __ eaters ate more popcorn while viewing comedies or horror movies while __-__ eaters were mostly unaffected.

Answer 29

stress; restrained

restrained; non-restrained

Question 30

Which category responds more to palatability and cephalic cues: dieters or non-dieters?

Answer 30

dieters.

Question 31

T or F - Anorexia nervosa:

1. Have difficulty detecting internal hunger.
2. Never feel hunger.
3. Are preoccupied with food.
4. Tend to be perfectionists.
5. Detect satiety cues with little difficulty (it’s just hunger that’s the issue).

Answer 31

1. T
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F