Ch 05 - Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

__ is the constant stable internal environment that the body tries to maintain with various __ feedback systems

A

Homeostasis; negative

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2
Q

The __ __ is the desired state of the body that is crucial for life, comfort, and safety.

A

set point

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3
Q

A negative feedback system is a body’s __-__ process that reduces the discrepancy between the __ __ (desired state) and an actual bodily state.

These measures are initiated to return the body to __.

A

self-correcting; set point;

homeostasis.

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4
Q

Deviations from the set point and actual physiological state establishes a __ __.

Deprivation of those __ produces a __ __ - the motive to seek out those substances.

A

physiological need;

needs; physiological drive

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5
Q

This term describes changes in a person’s relative interior body sensations that determine whether a stimulus is experienced as pleasant or unpleasant.

A

Alliesthesia (milieu interieur)

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6
Q

Deviations from the body’s set point temperature produce voluntary behaviors as well as involuntary behaviors, such as __ (increase blood to the skin) and __ (decrease blood to the skin and muscle shakes).

The body’s “thermostat” is the __; it establishes and monitors body temp.

A

vasodilation; shivering

hypothalamus

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7
Q

What part of the brain triggers thirst?

Where does it get feedback from (3)?

A

hypothalamus (also controls temp)

mouth, throat, and stomach

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8
Q

What are osmoreceptors and baroreceptors, and where are they located?

A

Osmoreceptors = neurons that shrink and expand with state of hydration and influence thirst.

Baroreceptors = neurons that detect stretch of hydration.

Both are in the brain.

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9
Q

The pleasurable experience when drinking water (hedonic) is dependent on what?

A

Your state of dehydration - the more you’re dehydrated, the more pleasurable the water, esp if it’s cool water.

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10
Q

The 3 major components of metabolism are:

  1. __ metabolism: responsible for maintenance (60-75%)
  2. __ effect: responsible for digestion and storage of food (10%)
  3. __ __: voluntary movement (15-30%)
A

resting

thermic (think of how adipose/storage tissue is an insulator)

physical activity

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11
Q

Body energy is measured in what unit?

How is this unit defined?

A

Calories.

Amount of heat required to raise 1g of H₂O by 1℃.

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12
Q

Our main source of energy is __. Excess is stored as __ in liver and muscles for short-term storage, or it’s converted to __ for long-term storage.

A

glucose; glycogen; fat

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13
Q

Energy usage:

When energy is needed and blood glucose is low, __ is converted to glucose. Also, __ (from fruits) is converted to __.

A

glycogen

fructose; glucose

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14
Q

The __ __ Model of fat storage states that the body determines a specific amount of fat storage and will work to return the body to this amount when deviations occur.

A

Set Point

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15
Q

The __ __ Model of fat storage predicts that the amount of fat stored is equal to the amount of food consumed MINUS the amount of energy expended; it’s analogous to a __ which dependent on the size and number of fat cells.

A

Energy Reservoir

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16
Q

When do fat cells develop?

A

The last month of pregnancy and through the first 2 years of life.

17
Q

Stomach contractions, weakness, dizziness and salvation are all sensations of __. It is influenced by the hormone __ which is released by the stomach.

__ is the feeling of being replenished and is influenced by two hormones: __ released by the small intestine; and __ that is released by adipose.

A

hunger;
ghrelin

Satiety; CCK; leptin

18
Q

4 non-physiological mechanisms that affect eating:

  1. __: if you forgot to eat because you were busy, then when you realize, you’re starving.
  2. __: hedonic value determined by appearance, texture, aroma, etc. Sugar and fat increase __.
  3. __ __: salivation, gastric juices, and insulin secretion in response to the sight or smell of a food and induces a __.
  4. __-__ satiety: decreased preference for a food that you’ve been eating too much of.
A
  1. memory
  2. palatability; palatability
  3. Cephalic response (it’s all in your head - you’re not really hungry!); craving
  4. sensory-specific (SS = same shit).
19
Q

Preferences that are necessary for body growth and maintenance are what kind of preferences?

A

innate

20
Q

This effect impacts preferences for familiar foods / comfort foods.

A

mere exposure effect

21
Q

This phenomenon is an extreme dislike for a food.

A

taste aversion

22
Q

This usually occurs with a novel food, or with illness experienced after eating thereby creating a future conditioned response to the food.

A

Taste aversion

23
Q

Middle portion or zone of the boundary model of eating in which a person is not motivated to eat; the neutral zone regarding eating; the comfort zone.

With regards to eating, what kind of people have a greater zone?

A

zone of biological indifference

Dieters and anorexics.

24
Q

Regarding food and eating, this area is where social situations and palatability determine food consumption.

A

zone of biological indifference.

25
Q

This model of eating states that a zone of biological indifference is situated between an aversive __ state and a state of __.

Dieters and anorexics have lower hunger __ and higher satiety __.

A

Boundary model;
hunger; satiety

boundaries; boundaries

26
Q

This scale is used to measure the extent that people restrain their eating. Lower scores are __ eaters; higher scores are __ eaters.

Cognitive __ is released when people violate their diet or are tricked into believing they have violated their diet. These people have __-__-__ control, and violations usually result in overeating.

A

revised restraint scale.
unrestrained; restrained

restraint;
all-or-nothing

27
Q

Someone who scores high on the revised restraint scale means what with regards to food?

A

they are cognitively thinking of food (not subconsciously)

28
Q

Normal or obese dieters eat more following failure and less following success - they are said to be what kind of eaters?

What about normal or obese non-dieters?

A

Restrained eaters.

They are non-restrained eaters.

29
Q

Both positive and negative __ can remove diet boundaries in __ eaters.

For example, one experiment showed that __ eaters ate more popcorn while viewing comedies or horror movies while __-__ eaters were mostly unaffected.

A

stress; restrained

restrained; non-restrained

30
Q

Which category responds more to palatability and cephalic cues: dieters or non-dieters?

A

dieters.

31
Q

T or F - Anorexia nervosa:

  1. Have difficulty detecting internal hunger.
  2. Never feel hunger.
  3. Are preoccupied with food.
  4. Tend to be perfectionists.
  5. Detect satiety cues with little difficulty (it’s just hunger that’s the issue).
A
  1. T
  2. F
  3. T
  4. T
  5. F