CH 12,13,14 Review Flashcards
External Respiration
Process by which gas is exchanged between lungs and arterial system
Pulmonary Ventilation
A process by which gas is exchanged between air and lungs
Pulmonary Ventilation
A process by which gas is exchanged between air and lungs
Internal Respiration
A process by which gas is exchanged between arterial system and muscle tissue
-can be defined as avo2 diff
Proximal to Distal air flow through respiratory system organs:
- External nares (nose)
- Pharynx (back of throat)
- Epiglottis (flap for trachea or esophagus)
- Larynx (voicebox)
- Trachea (windpipe -upside down tree trunk)
- Lungs
Air flow through lungs and where conductive zone ends and respiratory zone begins
- Primary Bronchi
- Secondary Bronchi
- tertiary Bronchioles
- Terminal Bronchioles -CZ ends
- Respiratory Bronchioles -RZ starts
- Alveolar Duct
- Alveolar Sac
- Alveoli
Respiratory zone is for:
Respiration within the alveoli
Anatomical Dead Space
Alveoli that have no blood supply or gas exchange
Physiological dead space:
Bad/ damaged alveoli -should have gas exchange but don’t anymore
Movement of air depends on:
Pressure Gradient (high to low pressure) and
Resistance (tissue friction, airway resistance)
Boyles Law:
The pressure of a gas is inversely related to its volume:
Low pressure= high volume
High pressure= low volume
Inspiration is what process and what are the main muscles
An active process
Main muscles are diaphragm and external intercostals
Expiration is a what process and the main muscles are:
A passive process at rest, active during exercise
-main muscles are diaphragm and external intercostals
What are the secondary muscles of inspiration/ expiration
Pectorals, abdominals, internal intercostals, exterior intercostals
TLC
Total Lung capacity
-maximum amount of air lungs can hold
RV
Residual Volume
-amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation (after inhalation)
VC
Vital capacity
-the largest amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximal inhalation
Vt
Tidal Volume
-amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath
Minute Ventilation
VE or VI = VT x F
Alveolar Ventilation
= [VT-dead space] x F
How much minute ventilation reaches alveoli for gas exchange
Around 70%
Ambient air pressure is 760mmHg and is made up of what percentage of the following: O2, CO2, N2
O2= 21%
CO2= <1%
N2= 79%
Arterial Blood PO2=
PaO2 :100mmHg
Tissue PO2
40mmHg
-capillaries to tissue level
Under normal conditions, near complete O2 saturation occurs at PO2 of
60mmHg an higher
%sat= 90% at 60mmHg
At muscle, PO2 is 40mmHg which causes:
Disassociation/ desaturation of O2 and hemoglobin
-letting go
Ventilatory Equivalent
-if rises, would be a decrease in efficiency (have to consume more O2)
-usually 25:1 ratio at resting
VE/ VO2
A-a PO2
Alveolar to Artial oxygen partial pressure difference
-reflects efficiency of oxygen transfer in lungs during exercise
External respiration is a limiting factor:
In some highly trained athletes
EIH
Pulmonary system lags behind:
Exceptional adaptations in CV and muscular systems
