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PSYCH 1000--General Psychology > CH. 10: "Personality" > Flashcards

CH. 10: "Personality" Flashcards

1
Q

psychodynamic approaches to personality

A

approaches that assume that personality is primarily unconscious and motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness

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2
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

Freud’s theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality

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3
Q

unconscious

A

a part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware

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4
Q

preconscious

A

makes up part of the unconscious and contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind

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5
Q

What is hidden deeper in the unconscious?

A

instinctual drives

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6
Q

instinctual drives

A

the wishes, desires, demands, and needs that are hidden from awareness because of the conflicts and pain they would cause

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7
Q

According to Freud, what are the 3 separate but interacting components of personality?

A
  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
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8
Q

Id

A

the instinctual and unorganized part whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives relate to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses

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9
Q

What does the Id operate according to?

A

the pleasure principle

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10
Q

Ego

A

the rational, logical part that attempts to balance the desires of the id and realities of the objective, outside world

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11
Q

What does the Ego operate according to?

A

the reality principle

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12
Q

What is the Ego also known as?

A

the “executive” personality

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13
Q

Superego

A

the part of personality that harshly judges the morality of our behavior and includes the conscience

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14
Q

conscience

A

prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way (i.e. makes us feel guilty if we do wrong)

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15
Q

What must the Ego do?

A

the Ego must constrain and negotiate between the conflicting demands of the superego and the id

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16
Q

psychosexual stages

A

the developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges

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17
Q

fixations

A

conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur

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18
Q

oral stage

A

according to Freud, a stage from brith to age 12 to 18 months in which an infants’s center of pleasure is the mouth

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19
Q

anal stage

A

from age 12/18 months to age 3, when a child’s pleasure is centered on the anus

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20
Q

phallic stage

A

beginning around age 3, when a child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals

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21
Q

oedipal conflict

A

a child’s intense, sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent

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22
Q

castration anxiety

A

for the male child, leads him to repress his desires for his mother and identify with his father

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23
Q

identification

A

the process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person’s behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values

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24
Q

latency period

A

the period between the phallic stage and puberty in which children’s sexual concerns are temporarily put aside

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25
genital stage
from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior
26
defense mechanisms
in Freudian terms, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves
27
What is the primary defense mechanism?
repression
28
repression
the ego pushes unacceptable or unpleasant thoughts and impulses out of consciousness but maintains them in the unconscious
29
What are 3 general Freudian ideas that are widely accepted?
1. we have unconscious thoughts that influence behavior 2. we employ defense mechanisms 3. some adult psychological problems have their roots in childhood difficulties
30
Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts
those who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points by placing greater emphasis on the functions of the ego
31
collective unconscious
according to Jung, an inherited set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that are shared with all humans because of our common ancestral past
32
What does the collective unconscious contain?
archetypes
33
archetypes
universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences
34
How did Karen Horney reject Freud's notion of penis envy in women?
She asserted that what women envy instead is men's success and freedom
35
What did Alfred Adler propose that the primary human motivation is?
striving for superiority--not in terms of superiority over others but in a quest for self-improvement and perfection.
36
inferiority complex
describes adults who have not been able to overcome the feelings of inadequacy they developed as children--a lack of self-worth
37
traits
consistent, habitual personality characteristics and behavior displayed across different situations
38
trait theory
a model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality
39
What 3 fundamental categories of traits did psychologist Gordon Allport propose?
1. cardinal traits 2. central traits 3. secondary traits
40
cardinal traits
overriding characteristics that motivate most of a person's behavior
41
central traits
an individual's major characteristics, such as warmth or honesty
42
secondary traits
characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential
43
factor analysis
a statistical method of identifying patterns among a large number of variables
44
By using factor analysis, what can a researcher identify?
factors that cluster together in the same person
45
factors
fundamental patterns of traits
46
What are the 3 major dimensions in which Hans Eysenck concluded that personality could best be described?
1. extraversion 2. neuroticism 3. psychoticism
47
For the last two decades, what have been the 5 traits of factors that lie at the core of personality?
1. openness to experience 2. conscientiousness 3. extraversion 4. agreeableness 5. neuroticism (or emotional stability)
48
What are the benefits to the psychodynamic approaches to personality?
1. provide a clear, straightforward explanation of people's behavioral consistencies 2. allow comparison of one person to another 3. influence the development of several useful personality measures
49
What are the drawbacks to psychodynamic approaches to personality?
1. different conclusions about which traits are most fundamental and descriptive, leading some to question the validity of trait conceptions in general 2. trait approaches do not provide explanations for behavior
50
social cognitive approaches to personality
theories that emphasize the influence of a person's cognitions--thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values--as well as observation of others' behavior in determining personality
51
self-efficacy
the belief that we can master a situation and produce positive outcomes
52
situationism
the view that personality cannot be considered without taking the particular context of the situation into accound
53
Mischel's cognitive affective processing system (CAPS) theory
people's thoughts and emotion about themselves and the world determine who they view, and then react, in particular situations
54
self-esteem
the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations
55
relationship harmony
the sense of success in forming close bonds with other people
56
narcissism
self-absorption and inflated views of oneself
57
biological and evolutionary approaches to personality
theories that suggest that important components of personality are inherited
58
social potency
the degree to which a person assumes mastery and leadership roles in social situations
59
traditionalism
the tendency to follow authority
60
temperament
an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way or responding that emerges early in life
61
humanistic approaches to personality
theories that emphasize people's innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning
62
self-actualization
the state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way
63
self-concept
the set of beliefs and people hold about their own abilities, behavior, and personality
64
According to Rogers, what is the one way of overcoming any discrepancy between experience and self-concept?
through the receipt of unconditional positive regard from another person
65
unconditional positive regard
an attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does
66
conditional positive regard
depends on one's behavior
67
What are the benefits of humanistic approaches to personality?
1. highlights the uniqueness of human beings 2. guide the development of a form of therapy designed to alleviate psychological difficulties
68
What are criticisms of humanistic approaches to personality?
1. difficulty of verifying basic assumptions of these approaches 2. make the assumption that people are basically "good"
69
psychological tests
standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively
70
How are psychological tests used by psychologists?
used by psychologists to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselves
71
reliability
a test's measurement consistency
72
validity
whether a test measures what it is designed to measure
73
norms
the standards of test performance
74
self-report method
gathering data about people asking them questions about their own behavior and traits
75
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF)
a widely-used self-report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties
76
test standardization
validating questions on personality test by analyzing responses from people with the same set of questions under the same circumstances
77
The Kuder Career Interest Assessment--Likert (KCIA-L)
measures the relative level of interest a person has in six broad areas
78
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
aims to place people along four dimensions
79
What are the 4 dimensions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
1. introverts vs. extraverts 2. intuitors vs. sensors 3. thinkers vs. feelers 4. perceivers vs. judgers
80
projective personality test
a test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it
81
Rorschach test
involves showing a series of symmetrical visual stimuli to people who then are asked what the figures represent to them
82
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
consists of a series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a story
83
behavioral assessment
direct measures of an individual's behavior used to describe personality characteristics

PSYCH 1000--General Psychology (11 decks)

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