Ch. 10 (thinking) Flashcards
Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, and people.
Concepts
Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Cognition
Best example of a category. Mental image that comes to mind.
Prototype
Attempt to find an appropriate way of attaining a goal when it is not readily available
Problem solving methods
Step by step procedure that guarantees a solution
Algorithms
Simple thinking strategy that allows you to make judgements & solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error - prone than algorithms.
Heuristics
Sudden realization to a problem (all of a sudden the answer comes to you)
Insight
Tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions
Confirmation Bias
Inability to see a problem from a new perspective
Fixation
Inability to solve a problem, because you don’t view terms or things of usual function. (Newspaper as an umbrella)
Functional fixedness
Tendency to approach a problem, many times in a strategy that has worked in the past.(set on what has worked in the past)
Mental Set
Using mental shortcuts. Faster decision making, but sometimes inaccurate
Heuristic
Women are better drivers than men
Confirmation Bias
Judge likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent common stereotypes of a prototype. (Kenny fishing not hunting from camo)
Representative Heuristic
More something is advertised the more you believe it believe it. (Lottery tickets, school shooting, ebola)
Availability heuristic
Overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments
Overconfidence
How an issue is framed can affect decisions and judgements. (Procedure is 10% you die and 90% you will live)
Framing
Pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid.
Belief Bias
Clinging to one’s initial conception after the basis on which they were formed has discredited. (Santa left the note that’s why bag of presents was by mom)
Belief Perseverance
Ability to think in novel ways and come up with unique solutions to problems.
Creativity
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate
Language
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Phoneme
In language, smallest unit that carries meaning. May be a word of a part of a word (such as a prefix).
Morpheme
In language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate & understand each other
Grammar
