Ch. 10 (thinking)

Question 0

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, and people.

Answer 0

Concepts

Question 1

Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

Best example of a category. Mental image that comes to mind.

Answer 2

Prototype

Question 3

Attempt to find an appropriate way of attaining a goal when it is not readily available

Answer 3

Problem solving methods

Question 4

Step by step procedure that guarantees a solution

Answer 4

Algorithms

Question 5

Simple thinking strategy that allows you to make judgements & solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error - prone than algorithms.

Answer 5

Heuristics

Question 6

Sudden realization to a problem (all of a sudden the answer comes to you)

Answer 6

Insight

Question 7

Tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions

Answer 7

Confirmation Bias

Question 8

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective

Answer 8

Fixation

Question 9

Inability to solve a problem, because you don’t view terms or things of usual function. (Newspaper as an umbrella)

Answer 9

Functional fixedness

Question 10

Tendency to approach a problem, many times in a strategy that has worked in the past.(set on what has worked in the past)

Answer 10

Mental Set

Question 11

Using mental shortcuts. Faster decision making, but sometimes inaccurate

Answer 11

Heuristic

Question 12

Women are better drivers than men

Answer 12

Confirmation Bias

Question 13

Judge likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent common stereotypes of a prototype. (Kenny fishing not hunting from camo)

Answer 13

Representative Heuristic

Question 14

More something is advertised the more you believe it believe it. (Lottery tickets, school shooting, ebola)

Answer 14

Availability heuristic

Question 15

Overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments

Answer 15

Overconfidence

Question 16

How an issue is framed can affect decisions and judgements. (Procedure is 10% you die and 90% you will live)

Answer 16

Framing

Question 17

Pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid.

Answer 17

Belief Bias

Question 18

Clinging to one’s initial conception after the basis on which they were formed has discredited. (Santa left the note that’s why bag of presents was by mom)

Answer 18

Belief Perseverance

Question 19

Ability to think in novel ways and come up with unique solutions to problems.

Answer 19

Creativity

Question 20

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate

Answer 20

Language

Question 21

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Answer 21

Phoneme

Question 22

In language, smallest unit that carries meaning. May be a word of a part of a word (such as a prefix).

Answer 22

Morpheme

Question 23

In language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate & understand each other

Answer 23

Grammar

Question 24

Set of rules where we seek meaning of a language, words, and sentences

Answer 24

Semantics

Question 25

Rules of combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

Answer 25

Syntax

Question 26

Beginning at about 4 months, speech development when an infant starts making sounds.

Answer 26

Babbling stage

Question 27

Stage when from 1-2 child speaks with one word

Answer 27

One-word stage

Question 28

Beginning at about 2, stage when child speaks with about 2 word statements

Answer 28

Two-word stage

Question 29

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram. Using mostly nouns and verbs “go-car”

Answer 29

Telegraphic speech

Question 30

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Answer 30

Linguistic determinism

Question 31

Believed in using associations, imitations, and reinforcement

Answer 31

Skinner

Question 32

Believed language naturally occur, given adequate nurture

Answer 32

Chomsky

Question 33

Childhood seems to represent a critical period for mastering certain aspects of language.

Answer 33

Cognitive scientists-critical periods