Ch. 10 Flashcards
Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Concepts
Mental images or best example of a category
Prototypes
Step by step procedures that guarantees a solution
Algorithm
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Cognition
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms
Heuristic
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. Provides a sense of satisfaction
Insight
A tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions
Confirmation bias
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
Fixation
A tendency to approach a problem in such a particular way, often a way that had been successful in the past
Mental set
The inability to solve a problem , because it is viewed only in terms of usual function
Functional fixedness
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead on to ignore other relevant information
Representativeness heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
Availability heuristic
The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements
Overconfidence
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
Framing
The tendency for ones pre existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
Belief bias
Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Belief perseverance
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning to ourselves and others
Language
The smallest distinctive unit
Phoneme
The smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
Morpheme
A system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understanding others
Grammar
The set of rules by which we derive meaning in a given language; also, the study of meaning
Semantics
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Syntax
Beginning at 4 months, the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo. Babbling is not imitation of adult speech
Babbling stage
Beginning at or around the first birthday, a child starts to speak one word at a time and is able to make family members understand them
One word stage
Before the second year, a child starts to speak in 2 word sentences
Two word stage
Two word stage, child speaks like a telegram
“Go car” means “I would like to go for a ride in the car”
Telegraphic speech
Inborn universal grammar- he believed that language will naturally occur, given adequate nurture
Noam Chomsky
Benjamin Lee Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Linguistic Determinism
