Ch. 10

Question 1

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Answer 1

Concepts

Question 2

Mental images or best example of a category

Answer 2

Prototypes

Question 3

Step by step procedures that guarantees a solution

Answer 3

Algorithm

Question 4

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 4

Cognition

Question 5

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms

Answer 5

Heuristic

Question 6

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. Provides a sense of satisfaction

Answer 6

Insight

Question 7

A tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions

Answer 7

Confirmation bias

Question 8

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving

Answer 8

Fixation

Question 9

A tendency to approach a problem in such a particular way, often a way that had been successful in the past

Answer 9

Mental set

Question 10

The inability to solve a problem , because it is viewed only in terms of usual function

Answer 10

Functional fixedness

Question 11

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead on to ignore other relevant information

Answer 11

Representativeness heuristic

Question 12

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

Answer 12

Availability heuristic

Question 13

The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements

Answer 13

Overconfidence

Question 14

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Answer 14

Framing

Question 15

The tendency for ones pre existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid

Answer 15

Belief bias

Question 16

Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Answer 16

Belief perseverance

Question 17

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning to ourselves and others

Answer 17

Language

Question 18

The smallest distinctive unit

Answer 18

Phoneme

Question 19

The smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word

Answer 19

Morpheme

Question 20

A system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understanding others

Answer 20

Grammar

Question 21

The set of rules by which we derive meaning in a given language; also, the study of meaning

Answer 21

Semantics

Question 22

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Answer 22

Syntax

Question 23

Beginning at 4 months, the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo. Babbling is not imitation of adult speech

Answer 23

Babbling stage

Question 24

Beginning at or around the first birthday, a child starts to speak one word at a time and is able to make family members understand them

Answer 24

One word stage

Question 25

Before the second year, a child starts to speak in 2 word sentences

Answer 25

Two word stage

Question 26

Two word stage, child speaks like a telegram

“Go car” means “I would like to go for a ride in the car”

Answer 26

Telegraphic speech

Question 27

Inborn universal grammar- he believed that language will naturally occur, given adequate nurture

Answer 27

Noam Chomsky

Question 28

Benjamin Lee Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Answer 28

Linguistic Determinism