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Vascular I & Physics I > Ch. 10-11 Physics > Flashcards

Ch. 10-11 Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

Ability to create accurate images

A

resolution

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2
Q

Measures the ability of the system to display two structures that are very close together with the structures parallel to the sound beams main axis

A

axial resolution

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3
Q

Axial resolution is related to

A

pulse duration, spatial pulse length

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4
Q

What pulses (in length and time) improve axial resolution

A

shorter

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5
Q

What frequencies have better axial resolution

A

higher

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6
Q

A short pulse is created in what 2 ways

A

less ringing (damping), higher frequency

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7
Q

A pulse is short if there are few cycles in a pulse is referred to as

A

less ringing (damping)

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8
Q

A pulse is short if each cycle in the pulse has a short wavelength is related to

A

higher frequency

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9
Q

LARRD axial resolution

A

longitudinal, axial, range, radial, depth

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10
Q

Image quality is better when axial resolution has a ____ numerical value

A

lower

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11
Q

Better axial resolution is associated with what 5 things

A

shorter SPL, shorter PD, higher frequencies, fever cycles per pulse, lower numerical values

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12
Q

Measures the ability of the system to display two structures that are very close together when they are ______ to the sound beams main axis is called ____

A

side-by-side/perpendicular, lateral resolution

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13
Q

Lateral resolution LATA

A

lateral, angular, transverse, azimuthal

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14
Q

Lateral resolution is determined by the beam

A

width

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15
Q

Beam width caries with

A

depth

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16
Q

Lateral resolution=

A

beam diameter

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17
Q

When two side-by-side reflectors are ____ together then the ____ of the beam, only one reflector is observed on the image

A

closer, width

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18
Q

____ frequencies improve axial and lateral resolution

A

higher

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19
Q

Is improved in the entire image because shorter pulses are associated with high frequency sound

A

axial resolution

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20
Q

Is improved at the focus AND in the far field because higher frequency pulses diverge less in the far field than low frequency pulses

A

Lateral resolution

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21
Q

Concentrates the sound energy into a narrower beam and thus improves lateral resolution

A

focusing

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22
Q

Three methods of focusing are

A

external, internal, phased array

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23
Q

With a FIXED lens (in a fixed focus transducer)

A

external focusing

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24
Q

In external focusing, the lens is placed

A

in front of the crystal

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25
Q

With a curved active element ( in a fixed focus transducer)

A

internal focusing

26
Q

Use of a curved crystal

A

internal focusing

27
Q

With the ELECTRONICS of the ultrasound system

A

phased array focusing

28
Q

Phased array focusing is used only on ______ element transducers and never on a single element transducer

A

multiple active

29
Q

A sound beam undergoes four distinct modifications when focused:

A

near field beam diameter and focal zone are reduced, focal depth is shallower, beam diameter in far zone increases, size of focal zone smaller

30
Q

When focused, a sound beam diameter in the near field and focal zone is

A

narrowed/reduced

31
Q

When focused, a sound beam focal depth is

A

shallower

32
Q

When focused, a sound beam diameter in the far zone

A

increases

33
Q

When focusing, a sound beam the size of the focal zone is

A

smaller

34
Q

What are the determinants of sound beams

A

frequency in cw transducers, frequency in pw transducers, focal length, beam divergence, lateral resolution

35
Q

Frequency in continuous wave transducers=

A

frequency of electoral signal from US system

36
Q

Frequency in pulsed wave transducers are determined by

A

thickness of crystal and speed of sound in the crystal

37
Q

Focal length is determined by

A

diameter of crystal and frequency of sound

38
Q

Beam divergence is determined by

A

diameter of crystal and frequency of sound

39
Q

Lateral resolution is determined by

A

beam width

40
Q

Basic modes of display

A

a mode, b mode, m mode

41
Q

A mode is called

A

amplitude mode

42
Q

B mode is called

A

brightness mode

43
Q

M mode is called

A

motion mode

44
Q

Appears as a series of spikes

A

A mode

45
Q

The height of the upward deflection is proportional to the

A

amplitude of the returning echo is A mode

46
Q

A mode is accurate in determining the

A

depth of reflectors

47
Q

In A mode, x-axis displays

A

depth of reflector (which is derived from time-of-flight)

48
Q

In A mode, the y-axis represents

A

reflection amplitude

49
Q

Appears as a line of dots of varying brightness

A

B mode

50
Q

The brightness of the dot indicates

A

strength of reflection in B mode

51
Q

Weaker reflections appear as

A

dark gray dots

52
Q

Strong reflectors appear as

A

bright white dots

53
Q

Is the basis of all other types of gray scale imaging, including real time imaging

A

B mode

54
Q

In B mode, x-axis represents

A

reflector depth (derived from time-of-flight)

55
Q

In B mode, y-axis represents

A

nothing

56
Q

In B mode, z-axis is

A

brightness or amplitude

57
Q

Appears as a group of horizontal wavy lines

A

M mode

58
Q

M mode is the ONLY display mode that provides information about

A

reflectors changing location and depth with respect to time

59
Q

In M mode, x-axis represents

A

time

60
Q

In M mode, y axis represents (derived from time-of-flight)

A

depth

Vascular I & Physics I (19 decks)

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