Ch. 1: The Evolution of Nursing Flashcards
Factors that have changed nursing
how we care for the sick, the way people live, the relationship of people with their environment, the search for knowledge and truth through education, technological advances
Care of the sick during early civilization
evolution of views of health, wellness, and illness; ancient practices
Illness
is an abnormal process in which aspects of the social, emotional, or intellectual condition and function of a person are diminished or impaired
Nursing in the 19th century
Hospitals: overcrowded, poor hygienic practices; untrained people, women of “proper upbringing” did not work, inmates or prostitutes ended up serving as nurses
Florence Nightengale
Known as “Lady with the Lamp”, credited as the first nursing theorist, helped to shift views of the nursing education
Accomplishments of Florence Nightingale
Established nursing school at Saint Thomas Hospital in London, promoted new standards of teaching, “Nightingale Plan” established
Dorthea Dix elevated standards for
the mentally ill, was a superintendent of Female Nurses of the Union Army
Clara Barton establed
the Red Cross in 1881
Mary Ann Ball
was one of the greatest heroines of the Civil War. She advocated for soldiers to have rights and certain comforts
Linda Richards
was the first trained nurse in America, developed our present day documentation system
Isabel Hampton Robb
One of the founders of the American Journal of Nursing, first graded system of documenting in schools of nursing.
Lavinia Dock
founded National League for Nursing Education
Mary Eliza Mahoney
first African-American professional nurse and fought for African-Americans in the profession
Lillian D. Wald
developed public health nursing in the U.S. and founded the Henry Street Settlement in NYC
Mary Adelaide Nutting
was a leader in nursing education, developed curriculum and guidelines for students
Mary Breckenridge
pioneered midwifery and developed the Frontier Nursing School where the nurses rode horseback to reach obstetric mothers to assist with nursing care
Changes in nursing during the 20th century
Licensing of nursing: NLN and ANA, Impact on nursing: WWI and WWII, Contemporary nursing
Significant changes in nursing during the 21st century
demographic changes, women’s health care issues, men in nursing, human rights, medically underserved, nursing shortage
Development of practical and vocational nurses
attendant nurses, practical nursing programs improved educational standards, federal funds helped recruitment of men and women
National Federation of Licensed Practical Nursing (NFLPN)
Founded by Lillian Kuster in 1949, membership limited to LPN/LVNs
National League for Nursing (NLN)
In 1961, established the Department of Practical Nursing Programs
Council of Practical Nursing Programs
an accreditation service for LPNs
Licensure for Practical and Vocational Nursing
Licensing laws, NCLEX-PN
Health care systems
Complete network of agencies, facilities, and providers involved within a specified geographic area
Goal of health care systems
achieve optimal levels of health care for a defined population
Wellness-illness continum
Range of a person’s total health, each individual’s health is ever-changing, wellness vs. illness, role of holistic health care
Maslow’s Model of Health and Illness
Physiologic, safety and security, love and belonginess, esteem and self-actualization
3 levels of health promotion
maintain wellness, preventing disease-related complications, management of care of those with serious health problems
Continuity of care
patient is the focus in health care; due to complexity, system can be frightening
Delivery of patient care
involves determining patient’s individual needs, developing a plan of care, and meeting the needs of the patient
Participants in the health care system
professional health care specialist, RNs, Licensed practical/vocational nurses, other caregivers, technologists, medical technicians, and paraprofessionals
Economic factors affecting health and illness
rising health care costs, increasing number of aging Americans, advances in technology, health care insurance, malpractice insurance, changes in delivery system
Social and environmental factors that affect health and illness
financial hardships, lifestyle choices, social pressures, personal behavior
Health promotion
most people in the United States have a right to health care without discrimination: includes treatment of disease, health promotion, preventative medicine, patient rights
Interdisciplinary Approach to Health Care
development of comprehensive care plan, effective communication, accurate documentation
Nursing care models have changed to meet the needs of the patient
four major concepts: nursing, patient, health, environment
The role of the LPN/LVN has changed over time, and is influenced by
nurse practice acts depending on the state, changes within health care agencies, availability of workers, needs of the patients
LPN/LVN defined
provides direct services under supervision of a RN, is educated to provide safe, responsible, and effective care, performs basic therapeutic, rehabilitative and preventative care
LPN/LVN roles and responsibilities
NAPNES issues responsibilities for practice, plan care/revise plan of care based on nursing diagnoses, demonstrate a caring and empathetic approach to safe care, implement patient care under the direct supervision of RN, licensed physician, or dentist
