Ch 1-16 Review Flashcards
Eve
The first woman her name means “mother of all”
Cain
The first murderer; God doomed him to live as a wanderer because of his sin
Lemech
A descendent of Cain; he bragged about the murders he had committed
Seth
A son of Adam and Eve who’s descendants were at least aware of their sins
Noah
The man who obeyed God, built the ark, and with his family escaped God’s judgment of the world
Sham, Ham, and Japheth
Noah’s three sons who repopulated the world after the flood
Nimrod
A mighty hunter who encouraged the people to build the Tower of Babel. Descendant of Ham
Shinar
The plain where no was family and his descendants settled
Babel
The city in Shinar where the Tower of Babel was built
The first human sin
Adam and Eve disobeyed God’s command; perfect equality ended, man was removed from the garden, all men would now sin and die
The Flood
God’s punishment for the height of evil man had reached; destroyed the whole earth except Noah and his family
The Tower of Babel
God confused man’s language causing men to disperse
Genesis
The the first book of the Bible; means “beginning”
Evolution
The idea that man was not created directly by God but instead “evolved” from the animals
Humanism
Putting man in place of or above God
Culture
The way of life of a group of people
Capital punishment
The death penalty
Nation
A group of people who think of themselves as one and act in history as a unit
Explain how man, being created in God’s image, isspecial to God
Only man was created in God’s image.
Special characteristics include: language and thought,
awareness of right and wrong,
and freedom to make choices.
How is evolution a form of humanism?
Evolution downplays man’s special characteristics
Why do you suppose God confused man’s language and dispersed mankind across the face of the earth?
Mankind disobeyed God, did not multiply and fill the earth, and remained in Sumer. They began to build a civilization in rebellion against God. God confused men’s language to restrain soon and slow the growth of human power.
Abraham
The father of the nation of Israel
Sargon
The Akkadian king who conquered the Sumerians
Sumerians
The descendants of those who stayed in the general vicinity of the Tower of Babel after the dispersion, and whose greatest accomplishment was writing
Hammurabi
The king of Babylon who united all of Mesopotamia under his rule
Patriarchs
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob
Joseph
Jacob’s son who was sold into slavery by his brothers
Middle East
A part of the world where the continent of Africa, Asia, and Europe meet
Ur
One of the most important cities of the land of Sumer; the city where God called Abraham to leave
Fertile Crescent
An area in the Middle East known for its ability to grow crops and its shape like a crescent moon
Tigris river
The Tigris river is one of the two great rivers in the Fertile Crescent. Tigress means “arrow”
Euphrates river
The Euphrates river is one of the two great rivers in the Fertile Crescent. Euphrates means “that makes fruitful”
Mesopotamia
The land between and immediately around the Tigris and Euphrates. Mesopotamia means “land between the rivers”
Canaan
The center of the ancient world
Megiddo
The valley also called Armageddon that will be the last battle ground of world history
Cuneiform
Wedge shaped writing
Polytheis
One who worshiped many gods
Monotheist
One who worships only one God/god
Humanist
One who makes men into gods
Anu
The god of the sky
Ziggurat
A tower built in tiers or stages, each stage smaller than the one beneath, all atop a large amount of clay or debris
Nanny
The moon god that supposedly owned the city of Ur
Empire
The rule by one city or people over other cities or people’s
Bureaucracy
A group of people appointed by a ruler to help him govern
Shamash
The sun God who supposedly gave Hammurabi authority to make his code of laws
Laws
Rules people follow in living together
Promulgation
Making the laws known
Equality under the law
All people who commit the same crime should be punished in the same way
Marduk
The chief god of Babylon who became the king of all gods
Nation state
A nation or people living in its own land with its own government
Baal
The chief god of the Canaanites
Dispersion
The scattering of people over the earth
Israel’s conquest of Canaan
Canaan, the center of the ancient world, has had a central and strategic position in the world; Israel became a nation – state.
Why is the call of Abraham considered an important event in human history?
It marks the beginning of God’s plan for the salvation of mankind. God chose Abraham to father a great nation Israel, out of whom Jesus Christ, the savior of mankind, would come.
Explain the division of history between years B.C. And A.D.
B.C. means “before Christ” and A.D. is the abbreviation for the Latin phrase anno Domini, “in the year of our Lord.” The first coming of Jesus Christ was so important that it became the main dividing point of history.
Mix rain
Ham’s son who settled in Egypt
Herodotus
The Greek historian who wrote the descriptions of the wonders of ancient Egypt
Joseph
The vizier who prepare to Egypt for a seven year famine
Moses
The man God used to deliver Israel from slavery
Jean Francis Champollion
The scholar who deciphered the Rosetta Stone and unlocked the secrets of hieroglyphics
Menes
The pharaoh who united the two kingdoms of Egypt
Hatshepsut
A female pharaoh
Ramses II
The pharaoh who had many giant statues of himself
Thutmose III
The pharaoh when Egyptian empire reached its greatest extent
Pyramids
Huge tombs built for some pharaohs
Sphinx
Mysterious Statues with the head of a man, ram,or hawk and the body of a lion
Hieroglyphics
Egyptian writing
Rosetta Stone
Stone used by Jean Francis Champollion to decipher hieroglyphics
Archaeology
The study of the relics and ruins of ancient cultures
Nile river
The longest river in the world
Papyrus
A plant used by the Egyptians to make boats, baskets, boxes, mats, sandals, furniture, and paper
Cataracts
Rapids
Pharaohs
Egyptian god – Kings
Mummification
The Egyptian process of preserving dead bodies
Dynasties
Families within which the right to be king is passed from one member to the next
Old, Middle, New Kingdoms of Egypt
The division of ancient Egypt’s history
Mastabas
Early tombs with flat tops and sloped sides
Step pyramid
May have been the first structure in world history made entirely of stone
Great pyramid
The first and largest pyramid
The great sphinx
A gigantic statue carved in limestone which has a lion’s head and a human face in the likeness of a pharaoh
Tribute
A payment from one nation to another
Vizier
The Pharaohs chief assistant
Scribes
Those who kept written records for the Pharaoh and other government officials
Adam
The very first man his name means “man”
Amalekites
The powerful group of people that were defeated because God’s power flowed through Moses’ staff
Moses
Leader who received the 10 Commandments at Mount Sinai
Joshua
The reader after Moses’death
Samuel
The wise leader who warned Israel against the dangers of having an earthly king
Saul
First earthly king of Israel
David
The king who lead Israel to the peak of its greatness as a nation – state
Solomon
The king who asked God for wisdom
Assyrians
The people to whom the northern kingdom and the Hittites fell the 700s B.C.
Chaldeans
The people to whom the southern kingdom fell in the 500s B.C.
Phoenicians
Prosperous see traders who is established a great network of trading posts
Hittites
A group of people who controlled an empire in Asia minor and who use their resources for war and conquest
Mount Sinai
The place where God made a covenant with Israel and gave Moses the 10 Commandments
Jordan river
The river God parted to allow the Israelites to cross over into Canaan
Jericho
The heavily fortified city that fell at the sound of trumpets and shouts
Northern kingdom
Israel; fell to the assyrian empire in the 700s B.C.
Southern kingdom
Judah; fell to the Chaldean empire in the 500s B.C.
Tyre and Sidon
Two of the independent Phoenician cities
Carthage
A Phoenician trading post which grew into a large city
Asia minor
Area between the Black sea, the Mediterranean sea, and the Euphrates river
Hattusas
The Hittite city burned by the Assyrians
Covenant
A solemn agreement
Theocracy
Rule by God
Principles of morality
The basic rules of right and wrong, good and evil
Decalogue
The 10 Commandments
Judges
The leaders of Israel during its first 300 years in Canaan
Murex
A kind of snail used to make dye
Alphabet
The most important thing that the Pheonicians carried with them on their trading ventures
Iron
Used by the Hittites to make weapons
Tiglath-pileser III
The king who began in earnest the assyrian drive to a world empire
Shalmaneser V
The Assyrian king who deported the 10 tribes of the northern kingdom
Ashurbanipal
The last great Assyrian king, who collected a library of about 100,000 cuneiform tablets
Jonah
Jewish prophet who warned Nineveh of God’s coming judgment
Sennacherib
The Assyrian king God defeated because of his pride and defiance
Nahum
The prophet who prophesied the destruction of Nineveh
King Nabopolasser
The king who conquered all of Mesopotamia and established the Chaldean empire
Nebuchadnezzar
The king who conquered the western part of the Fertile Crescent, destroyed Jerusalem, Carried the inhabitants of Judah into captivity, built the hanging gardens for his wife, had a dream which for told the course of world history, and was reduce to a mad man who ate grass
Daniel
The Israelite captive who interpreted Nebuchadnezzar’s dream as well as the writing on the wall
Nabonidus
The last Chaldean king, who preferred to travel around the empire and leave the actual business of government under the supervision of his son
Belshazzer
The son of Nabonidus who handled the actual business oh the government and was killed by the Medes and Persians
Cyrus the great
The Persian king who allowed the Jews to return to Judah
Isaiah
The prophet who foretold that God would assist Cyrus in his conquest
Darius
The Persian king who made the middle east into one big marketplace
Nineveh
City built by Nimrod that became the Assyrian Capitol
Hanging gardens
The gardens built by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife
Royal Road
The great “highway” built by Darius
Javan
Japheth’s son who was the ancestor of the Greeks
Minoans
The people who built the earliest civilization in the vicinity of Greece
Mycenaeans
The people who flourished on the mainland of Greece between 1600 and 1200 B.C.
Dorians
Invaders from the north who helped to bring about a dark age in Greece which started about 1200 B.C.
Homer
The blind poet who greatly influenced Greek culture and portrayed the gods as glorified human being
Achilles and Odysseus
Great worriers in Greek mythology
Cyrus the great
The Persian emperor who conquered Ionia in 546 B.C.
Darius I
The Persian king who crush the Ionian revolt and demanded that the mainland Greeks submit him
Xerxes
The king who launched a second Persian invasion of Greece
Leonidas
The brave leader of the Spartans at Thermopylae
Solon
An aristocrat who introduced democratic principles to the Athenian government
Pericles
The aristocrat who brought athenian democracy to its fullest measure
Socrates
The philosopher who insisted that Morality be a part of philosophy
Plato
The philosopher who wrote 30 or more works call dialogues
Aristotle
The philosopher who recognized order, design, order, and purpose in the universe; teacher of young Alexander the great
Philip II
The Macedonian king who conquered almost all of Greece before he was assassinated
Alexander the great
The young Greek conquer of Persia
Ptolemy
The general who took Egypt after Alexander’s death
Antipater
The general who took Macedonia after Alexander’s death
Laomedon
The general who took Syria including all of Canaan, after Alexander’s death
Thucydides
The author of history of the Peloponnesian war
Olympic Games
Competitions held every four years to honor Zeus , and to encourage unity among the various city-states of Greece
Greco – Persian wars
Wars between Greece and Persia
Peloponnesian war
The war between Sparta and Athens, even Persia became involved
Hellenistic Age
The period of several hundred years between Alexanders conquest and the Roman empire
Crete
Island where the Minoans lived
Knossos
An impressive palace built by the Minoans
Troy
A city on the coast of Asia minor that was burned after a 10 year war
Mount Olympus
Home of the gods according to Greek mythology
Marathon
A place where they greatly outnumbered Athenians defeated the Persians
Hellespont
A straight between Europe and Asia minor where the Persians built a bridge
Thermopylae
The narrow mountain pass where the Spartan army was betrayed by a traitor
Salamis
The place where the small Greek navy defeated the Persian fleet
Persepolis
The chief city of the Persian homeland that was conquered by Alexander in the 330 B.C.
Alexandria
The name given to 16 cities built by Alexander
Zeus
King of all the Greek gods
Apollo
Greek god of the sun
Polis
The Greek city-state
Acropolis
A hilltop fortress that served as a seat of government and religion
Agora
The Greek marketplace
Monarchy
Rule by one
Aristocracy
Ruled by the “best”
Oligarchy
Ruled by a few rather than one or many; ruled by a few rich men
Tyranny
A bad form of one man rule
Democracy
Rule by the many or the common people
Helots
The common laborers who farmed the land for the ruling class
Peloponnesian League
A league formed between Sparta and other Greek cities
Direct democracy
A government in which the people themselves make the big decisions directly, rather than indirectly through representatives
Delian league
I defensive alliance formed by Athens to prevent another Persian invasion
Philosopher
Lover of wisdom
Dialogues
Plato’s writings
Phalanx
A large group of soldiers train to charge the enemy as a group
Hellenic
Greek
Parthenon
A beautiful temple to Athena
776 B.C.
The First Olympic Games
404 B.C.
The date Athens surrendered to Sparta
Gauls, greeks, Etruscans, Latins
Early inhabitants of Italy
Romulus, Remus
The two brothers in the legend of Romes beginning
Plebeians
The common people of Rome
Patricians
Wealthier Romans
Pyrrhus
The Greek king who’s victories over Rome cost him many men
Hannibal
Used elephants in his march through the Alps during the second Punic war
Scipio
Lead the Roman attack on Carthage during the second Punic war
Pompey
Elected consul in 70 B.C.; captured Jerusalem and 63 B.C.
Julius Caesar
Ruled the Roman empire from 49 to 44 B.C.
Antony
Caesars closest friend; defeated at Actium
Octavian
Julius Caesar’s adopted son and became heir; became known as Caesar Augustus
Cleopatra
Last Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt; committed suicide with Anthony in 31 B.C.
Herod
Palestinian king at the time of Christ’s birth
Sardinia and Sicily
Two large islands that lie near the Italian peninsula
Alps
The mountains which isolate Italy from the rest of Europe
Appennies
The mountain range with stretches from the po River valley to the tip of the peninsula
Tiber River
The location of the city of Rome
Carthage
Rome’s enemy in the Punic wars
Rubicon river
Where caesar disobeyed and showed his determination to be the ruler of Rome
Palestine
The name of the promised land by the time of the Roman empire
Battle of Zama
Where Hannibal was defeated and Carthage’s power was broken
Battle of actium
Where Octavian’s fleet defeated Anthony’s fleet
Pax Romana
200 years of the Roman empire remembered as a time of peace and prosperity
Magna Graecia
Greater Greece ; island of Sicily and southern Italy where the Greeks established many colonies
Forum
A common meeting place which was the heart of the city of Rome
Pantheon
In ancient Roman temple dedicated to the numerous gods of the empire
Republic
A form of government in which all citizens who were entitled to vote participate in decisions through elected officials
Senate
The most powerful body in the Roman Republic
Law of the 12 tables
Stated that Roman law be written down and displayed in the forum
Latin league
A defensive alliance against the Etruscans
Colosseum
A Roman amphitheater where the crowds gathered to watch Men fight men and beast to death
Julian calendar
The Calendar Julius Caesar made that had 365 1/4days per year
Princeps,imperator,Caesar Augustus
Octavian’s titles
Census
A counting of the total population and value of property in each province
Stoics, Epicureans, Skeptics
Groups of philosophers
Synagogues
Jewish places of worship
Septuagint
A Greek version of the Old Testament
Christ
The true king of the Jews whose coming was the greatest turning point of history
264-164 B.C.
Punic wars
March 15, 44 B.C.
Julius Caesar’s death
Pontius Pilate
The Roman governor of the Palastine and who authorized the crucifixion of Christ
Gentiles
Non-Jews
Tiberius
Emperor who ruled during the time of Christ crucifixion, resurrection and ascension
Caligula
Insane emperor who was murdered by his bodyguards
Claudius
Emperor who expelled all Jews from Rome
Nero
First emperor to persecute Christians
Titus
The emperor when Vesuvius Erupted
Domitian
Flavian emperor who demanded to be worshiped as a God
Trajan
Emperor who spread the empire to its greatest limits; would not persecute anyone who denied being a Christian
Valerian
Emperor tried to harm Christianity by attacking Christian leaders
Diocletian
Emperor who divided the empire into two parts; began severest persecution Christianity had ever known
Maximian
Appointed by Diocletian to rule the western half of the Roman empire
Constantine
The first Christian emperor of the Roman empire
Eusebius
The church history writer who recorded Constantine’s vision of the cross
Theodosius I
The emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire
Attila
The Leader of the Huns
Alaric
Leader of the Visigoths
Mt. Vesuvius
A volcano the buried the city of Pompeii
Pompeii
City burned by Mount Vesuvius
Byzantium
The site where Constantine built his new capital called Constantinople
Constantinople
Constantine’s new Roman capital
Adrianople
Where the Visigoth army gave the Roman army one of its worst defeats
Claudian emperors
For descendants of Cesar Gustus ruled from A.D 14 to 68
Flavian emperors
Vespasian and his descendants who ruled from A.D. 69 to 96
Five good emperors
Emperors from A.D. 96 to 180 who were selected for their ability and Were specially trained
Edict of Milan
Encourage the policy of toleration that made being a Christian no longer crime
Sunna, Woden, Thor
German gods whose names were used for Sunday, Wednesday, and Thursday
A.D. 70
Titus captures Jerusalem and destroys the temple
A.D. 313
Constantine issues edict of Milan
A.D. 395
Theodosius divides the Roman empire
Gentiles
Non-Jews
Diotrephes
The church leader who love to have preeminence and who put himself about God’s word
Irenaeus
The church leader in gaul who said everyone in the church must agree with the church of Rome
Marsilius
The man who would not blindly accept the teachings of the Roman church, but instead knew that all the leaves must be measured against the absolute truth of God’s word
Leo I
The man who went out to meet Attila the Hun from Asia to persuade the invaders not to attack Rome
Gelasius
The pope who said that, it matters relating to God, leaders of the church oare supreme over all human rulers
Jerusalem
Where the first Christian church was located
Middle Ages
The period after the collapse of the Roman empire
Apostles
The 12 man who had first-hand knowledge of Jesus and whom God sent out to preach the gospel
Koine
The most common form of the Greek language; used for writing the new testament
Church
An assembly or body of people
Judaism
The religion of the Jews
Deacon
Comes from the Greek word for servant
Bishop
Comes from the Greek term meaning overseer or superintendent
Catholic
Means universal or one
Apostolic succession
The idea which maintains that men like Peter and Paul handed down there power and authority from one generation of bishops to next
Petrine theory
Belief Christ made peter the head of the Catholic Church and that Peter passed his powers to the first Bishop of Rome, whom he appointed
Roman Catholic Church
The church founded on the belief that the Bishop of the church of Rome is supreme overall churches
Pope
The Bishop of the church of Rome
Arianism
Opinion that Jesus was not God but rather had been created by God the father
Council of Nicaea
The council better for me to Christ to Divinity in A.D. 325
Nicene Creed
A statement of belief affirming Christ’s divinity
Mass
A Roman Catholic service
Sacrament
A sacred act
Eucharist
The Lord’s supper
Excommunication
Being cut off from communication with the human rulers of the church and, therefore, being denied the sacraments
Christendom
The portion of the world in which Christianity prevails
A.D. 500-1500
Middle Ages
A.D. 100
New testament complete
Ishmael
Abrahams first son who is the father of the Arabs
Mohammed
The father of Islam; The stupidest religion (in my opinion)
Urban II
The Pope who proclaimed the beginning of the crusades
Alexius Comnenus
The eastern emperor during the first Crusade
Saladin
The Muslim leaders who reconquer Jerusalem during the second crusade
Richard the lion hearted
Is Valiant leader in the third Crusade
Mohammed II
Leader of the Ottomans who captured Constantinople and 1453
Arabia
1 million square – mile peninsula that lies south east of the Fertile Crescent
Mecca
The birthplace of Mohammed
Bedouins
Arab nomads
Blackstone
The sacred treasure stored at kaba
Allah
The god of Islam
Hegira
Mohammed’s flight from Mecca; the turning point for as islam
Jjhad
The Muslims name for the holy war
Islam
The new religion founded by Mohammed in Arabia about 600 years after Christ
Muslims
followers of Islam
Koran
Muslim holy book
Caliphs
Mohammed’s successors
Crusades
Holy wars fought against Islam in the name of Christianity
Battle of tours
Muslims defeated, putting an end to march in Europe
Battle of Manzikert
The seljuk turks conquered Asia minor from the eastern Roman empire
Peasants’ crusade
A group of 15,000 to 20,000 people, mostly farmers, embarked in a crusade that were destroyed by the Turks
First Crusade
The crusade, led by nobles, which Conquered a strip of land along the eastern coast about 500 miles long and averaging 40 miles wide
Second Crusade
French and German armies were defeated before they even reached the holy land, thus accomplishing nothing
Third Crusade
The crusade of the kings, accomplish little
Fourth Crusade
The crusade the never reach the holy land but instead attacked and robbed of the city of Constantinople
Children’s Crusade
Several thousand German and French children marched toward the Mediterranean sea expecting God to divide the water so they could walk to the holy land. Many children died and some were sold as slaves to the north African Muslims
732
Battle of tours; muslims defeat
1054
Roman Catholic Church officially split
1070
Battle of Manzikert; Seljuk Turks Conquered Asia minor
Frank’s
The freedom-loving Germanic people who settled in what is today called France and Germany
Clovis
The first great Frankish military and political leader who began the Merovingian line of kings
Charles Martel
The mayor who aligned himself with the church by supporting bishop Boniface and to also defeated the Muslims at the battle of tours
Bishop Boniface
The missionary who acted for pope Zacharias when crowning Pepin king
Pepin the Short
The mayor of the palace who sought approval from the pope to be titled king since he already did the job of the king
Charlemagne
The “defender of the churches of Christ” who was crowned “Charles Augustus, emperor of the Romans” by Pope Leo III
Leo III
Crowned Charlemagne and called him Charles Augustus, emperor of the Romans
Magyars, Moores, Norsemen
Invaders of Charlemagne’s empire
Pontifex Maximus
Title used by the popes which means “high priest”
Mayors of the Palace
Government officials who did the king’s duties
Donation of Pepin
The papal states
Patrician of the Romans
The title given to Pepin by the pope
Treaty of Verdun
The treaty that divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts
Feudalism
A way of life based upon the ownership and use of land
Fief
A piece of land owned by one man who permitted another man to use it in return for certain promises services
Lord
The man who owned the land
Vassal
The man who used to the land in exchange for services
Homage
Ceremony where the vassal vowed to be the Lord’s man
Act of investiture
The act where the Lord gave the vassal an object as a symbol of the vassal’s right to use the fief
Knight
A master of medieval warfare who wore heavy armor and fought on horseback with a variety of weapons
Crown land
The part of the King’s land for personal use
Chivalry
The code of conduct for the nobility and the nights
Page
A boy around the age of seven who is beginning training for knighthood as a lord’s household
Squire
A personal servant to a lord or another knight in the lord’s service
Coat of arms
A group of emblems and figures used for identification purposes
Heraldry
The study of coats of arms and their designs
Castles
Heavily fortified dwellings of nobles
Most
A protective trench of water surrounding a castle
Turret
A tower in which watchmen surveyed the countryside, ready to warn of an approaching enemy
Joust
A contest between two nights who fought to unseat or unhorse each other
Tournament
Mock wars between two teams of Knights
Manor
And estate belonging to a noble
Serfs
The farmers of the manors who worked for the nobles and were like slaves in many ways
Explain how Charlemagne’s empire came to an end
The leaders of the empire after Charlemagne were weak and not as powerful. The empire was divided into three parts for each of Charlemagne’s three sons. The crumbling empire faced barbarian invaders. Quarrels from within and attacks from without reduced Charlemagne’s western European empire to Shammos soon hundreds of kingdoms replace the ones great empire
Benedict
The monk who founded a monastery in Italy and set a standard of rules or orders for other monks to follow
Jerome
The church leader who translated the Vulgate
John Wycliffe
The oxford university teacher who challenged some of the central opinions of the Roman church and had the entire Bible translated into English for the first time
John Huss
The teacher whom the Council of Constance burned at the stake for his defense of the Bible as the true authority for Christians
Augustine
The philosopher who wrote The Confessions and The City of God
Aristotle
“The Philosopher”
William of Ockham
The English philosopher who used logic to discredit the doctrine of the pope’s absolute supremacy
Thomas Aquinas
The philosopher who combined the philosophy of Aristotle with Romanism so successfully that the church forbade anyone to disagree with him
Dante
The author of Divine Comedy
Chaucer
The author of The Canterbury Tales
Henry the Fowler
The powerful Dooku began the Saxon line of kings in Germany
Otto the Great
Crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope at the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire
Pope Nicholas II
The pope who declared that popes would be chosen only by Cardinals
Giovanni de Medici
Hey wealthy businessman his family excelled in business and dominated the political scene in Florence
Leonardo da Vinci
A master painter, sculptor, inventor, and engineer who painted Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Raphael
A famous painter who painted Sistine Madonna and the School of Athens
Michelangelo
Possibly the greatest artist of the Renaissance who was hired to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Machiavelli
Writer of The Prince, the only book of lasting importance produced by the Italian Renaissance
962
The Holy Roman Empire begins under Otto the Great
Monasticism
Withdrawing from society and living in solitude
Monks, nuns, hermits, friars
Men who practiced monasticism; monks who preached and did missionary work outside the monasteries
Eucharist
The Lord’s supper
Transubstantiation
The belief that the elements of the Lord’s supper actually change from bread and wine to Christ’s blood and His body
Saints
Deceased persons officially recognized by the church as holy
Indulgences
Certificates from the pope that excused a person from doing penance and shortened the required stay in purgatory
Penance
The sacrament of punishments in this life for repentant sinners
Purgatory
The place where repentant sinners had to stay after death until they had been properly punished or there soon and could enter heaven
Vulgate
Jerome’s Latin translation of the Scripture
Breviary
A book with the official order of worship in church services
Lollards
Followers of John Wycliffe
Hussites
Followers of John Huss
Heretics
Baptized members of the Roman church who disagreed with any official church opinion
Scholasticism
And approach to learning which tried to combine Greek philosophy and Romanism
Dukes
Powerful nobles who ruled a small territories in Germany
Cardinals
Priests of the churches in Rome or bishops of churches close to Rome
Humanities
Subjects such as history, grammar, rhetoric, and poetry
Renaissance man
One who displays his talents in all fields
Patrons
People who use their own money to support the arts
Council of Toulouse
The council that forbade anyone except a church leader to possess a copy of the Bible
Council of Constance
They canceled it condemned Wycliffe and Huss
Inquisition
A special church court with power to inquire about and judge matters of heresy
Black death
A form of the Bonnick plague that killed from 1/3 to 1/2 the population of Europe
Renaissance
The period of the rebirth of learning in Europe
How were the Middle Ages “dark ages” for Western Europe?
The Middle Ages were “Dark Ages” for several reasons. Though there were some invention and learning, it was, for the most part, and age characterized by economic stagnation, poverty and decline in learning. Most importantly, the gospel was suppressed by the Roman church, and without the light of the gospel, the hearts and minds of men became darkened.
Explain Voltair’s statement of the Holy Roman Empire, “neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire.”
The Holy Roman Empire was nothing compared to the Roman empire of old. It was not “holy” because what had started as cooperation between pope and emperor had become bitter opposition. Each needed the other, but Pope and emperor inevitably envied one another’s power and quarreled. It was not “Roman” because the emperor had always been German, and after Frederick II, few even interfered in Italy. It was not an “Empire” because the emperor scarcely governed his homeland, Germany.
Explain how the crusades brought changes to Europe that indirectly help to bring about the Renaissance.
The crusades revived trade with the Orient. Trade increased, and the wealth acquired from trade gave men, especially in the Reds trading cities of Italy, leisure time to pursue interests such as the arts and learning.
John Wycliffe
The English scholar who had the entire Bible translated into English for the first time
John Huss
The bohemian preacher who let a movement for true Christianity in his country
Johan Gutenberg
Inventor of the movable type printing press who produced the first printed edition of the Bible
Desiderius Erasmus
The scholar of the Northern Renaissance known for his translation of the New Testament testament in the original Greek
Martin Luther
The reformer who translated the new testament into German, nailed his Ninety-five Theses to the Wittenberg church door, promoted popular education, and changed church services
Tetzel
A friar who traveled through Germany selling indulgences and he’s shameful selling tactics made Luther angry
Pope Leo X
The pope who condemned Luthers Theses and excommunicated him
Frederick the wise
The prince who permitted Luther a hearing at the Diet of Augsburg
Charles V
The emperor who called Luther to the Diet of Worms
Ulrich Zwingli
That “people’s priest” who began the Reformation in Zürich, Switzerland
John Calvin
The French reformer who wrote the institutes of the Christian religion, which was probably the single most influential book of the protestant reformation apart from the Bible
Petrobrusians and Waldensians
These are two of the groups that rose up during the middle ages to protest the way the established Roman church with distorting the truth. The Petrobrusians were followers of Peter of Bruis in southern France. The Waldensians were followers of Peter Waldo and where especially numerous in the Alps areas of Italy, France, and Switzerland.
Lollards
Followers of John Wycliffe
Heretic
Any baptized members of the Roman church who disagreed with any official church opinion
Hussites
Followers of John Huss
Gutenberg Bible
The first printed edition of the Bible
Simony
The practice of purchasing church offices
Ninety-five Theses
Luther’s statements that were nailed to the church door in Wittenberg
Popular education
The education of all people rather than just a privileged few
University of Wittenberg
The first Protestant university
Anabaptists
A group whose members usually believed that only believers should be baptized and that would be baptize people who had been baptized as infants
1440
Gutenberg invented the movable type printing press
1456
Gutenberg produces the first printed edition of the Bible
1517
Luther post the Ninety-five Theses sparking the Protestant Reformation
Give one way in which the Northern Renaissance help to bring about the Protestant Reformation
The scholars of the Northern Renaissance realized that there is no book about man or any other subject more important than the Bible. With the Bible is the foundational book, scholars were able to discover it’s true, which opened their minds and gave them freedom to advance in all areas of life.
What did Martin Luther do in 1517 that sparked the Protestant Reformation?
He nailed the Ninety-five Theses to the church door at Wittenberg. The movement was called the Protestant Reformation because the early leaders of the movement were members of the Roman Catholic Church. They saw the corruption and fallacies of the church and sought to reform it through peaceful protest – hence the name protestant reformation.
Ignatius Loyola
Hey Spanish soldier who began the Jesuits
Ferdinand II
The Holy Roman Empire who is determined to return Bohemia to Romanism by force if necessary
Christian IV
The king who became the champion of Lutheran Protestantism
Gustavus Adolphus
The great Lutheran warrior king of Sweden who won many victories for the protestant forces before he was killed in battle
Hapsburg family
A family prominent in European politics for almost 900 years
Charlemagne
The king under his rule the Frankish kingdom reached its greatest extent
Hugh Capet
The king whose coronation marks the birth of the French nation
Margrete of Denmark
That “lady king” who united the countries of Scandinavia under one empire
Moors
Muslims
Isabella and Ferdinand
The joint rulers of Castile and Aragon who drove Jews and Muslims out of Spain
John I
The king whose reign marked the beginning of Portugal’s greatest days of glory
Prince Henry the navigator
And avid sailor and explorer who helped Portugal lead the way in the great age of exploration
Bartolommeo Dias
The Portuguese explorer who sailed all the way to the tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope
Vasco de Gama
The first European to reach India by sailing around Africa
Pedro Cabral
The Portuguese explorer who discovered Brazil
Twelve Articles
A list of the peasants’ grievances
Territorial churches
Official government churches to which everyone had to belong
Jesuits
A religious group formed by Loyola that became the “spiritual arm” for the Counter-Reformation
Vikings
The inhabitants of ancient Scandinavia
Peasants’ Revolt
From 1524 to 1525, peasants robbed and plundered in the streets daily
Peace of Augsburg
Gave official approval to the territorial, state –established church concept in Germany
Counter Reformation
Attempted to produce certain limited changes (mostly in the morals of the clergy) within the Roman church
Thirty Years’ War
Mainly a civil war in Germany and the Holy Roman Empire over religious and political issues
Peace of Westphalia
Signed in 1648 and renewed the same religious situation that had existed before the war
Helvetia
Switzerland under the Roman empire
Austria
Border country of Switzerland, home of the Hapsburgs
Switzerland
Nation of neutrality
Holland
Also called the Netherlands; independent nation of the Thirty Years’ War
Gaul
Ancient name for France
Hispania
Name of Spain given by the Romans
987
Hugh Capet crowned; birth of the French nation
1499
Switzerland won Independence
1555
Peace of Augsburg
1648
Peace of Westphalia
Julius Caesar
Concord the Celts about 50 years before the birth of Christ
Augustine
The first Archbishop of Canterbury
Alfred the great
The first great king of England
Canute the Dane
The Viking who ruled England, Denmark, and Norway as a great empire
William, Duke of Normandy
The man who became known as William the conqueror after defeating Harold Godwin at the battle of Hastings in 1066
Henry II
The first in the line of Plantagenet kings
Richard I
The English king known for his love of crusades
King John
The most hated king of English history
Simon de Montfort
Call the what is remembered as the first meeting of parliament in 1265
Edward I
The king who is “model parliament” resulted in representative government becoming a regular feature of English government
Joan of arc
Led the French army in the Hundred Years’ War
Henry IV
The first thing in the Lancastrian dynasty
Henry VII
The first Tudor king of England
Henry VIII
The English monarch who divorced Catherine of Aragon because he wanted a male heir; the king who broke from the Catholic Church and made himself the head of the Church of England
Edward VI
Henry VIII’s only male heir under whose rule Protestantism progressed
Mary I
The queen who resolved to return the English nation to the Roman church and became known as “bloody Mary” because about 300 persons were martyred during her reign
John Foxe
English historian that wrote the Book of Martyrs
Elizabeth I
“The Virgin Queen” who was beloved for her remarkable character and extraordinary performance as ruler of England
Philip II
The king of Spain who was determined to overthrow Elizabeth and make the Catholic queen of Scotland queen of England
Mary Stuart
The queen of the Scots who’s the mother planned to depose Elizabeth to make Mary queen of England
John Knox
The outstanding leader of the Scottish Reformation
William the silent, Prince of Orange
The leader who led the Dutch patriots in defense of Protestantism in the Netherlands and became known as the “father of his country”
John Hawkins
The one who builds up the English fleet
Sir Francis Drake
The Englishman who attacked in rated Spanish ships with Elizabeth’s knowledge and approval
William Shakespeare
Perhaps the greatest writer the world is ever known; the author of 38 players that were performed at Globe Theatre
James I
The first Stuart king of England who had scholars produce the King James or Authorized version of the Bible
Charles I
The “man of blood” who was tried and executed by Cromwell’s army
Oliver Cromwell
The military genius who became Lord Protector of England after the Civil War
Charles II
The king under him the monarchy was fully restored by 1662
James II
The king who tried unsuccessfully to reimpose Romanism on England
William III and Mary II
The king and queen of England as a result of the glorious Revolution
Celts, druids
The earliest known inhabitants of the British Isles; a special group of Celtic men who acted as teachers, judges, and priests
Anglo-Saxons
The jukes, angles, and Saxons who conquered Britain
Beowulf
The greatest Saxon poem
Norman conquest
William the Conqueror’s victory at the battle of Hastings
Domesday Book
The compilation of a census ordered by King William which was completed in 1086
Plantagenet
The line of kings started by Henry II
Magna Carta
The document that clearly defined the ancient rights and privileges of the people which king John was forced to sign at Runnymede
Constitution
Rules for exercise and restraint of governmental power
Model parliament
Representative government became a regular feature of English government
Book of common prayer
A book of prayers to be spoken or sung
Puritans
The group that wanted to “purify” the Church of England
King James or Authorized version
The Bible translation commissioned by James I and completed and 1611
Petition of Right
The document that reaffirmed the liberties and rights which Englishman had one in the past
Roundheads, cavaliers
Those against the king during the English Civil War; those for the king during the English Civil War
Ironsides
Cromwell’s troops
Commonwealth
The name of England’s government that lasted from 1649 to 1653
Protectorate
The name of England’s government set up by Oliver Cromwell in 1653
Whigs
A group that arose in parliament to oppose Charles II
Hundred Years’ War
A dispute over the French throne which lasted, with a few interruptions, from 1337 to 1453
War of the roses
The war between the houses of Lancaster and York
Battle of Bosworth field
The site where Henry Tudor (Lancaster) defeated Richard III (York) and became Henry VII, the first tutor king of England
English reformation
The time when England broke ties with the Catholic Church in the Bible became accessible to all Englishman
Scottish reformation
The reformation led by John Knox
Eleven Years’ Tyrrany
The time. Where the government of England was changed from a government by monarchs, lords, and comments, to what was in effect an absolute and irrepressible monarchy, like that of France or Spain
English Civil War
A fight between the Cavaliers who fought for the principle of divine right and the roundheads who fought for government by consent
Treaty of Dover
The treaty secretly signed between Charles II and King Louis XIV in which Charles agreed to obtain toleration for English Catholics and to join the Roman church himself
Glorious Revolution
The bloodless revolution that established once and for all in England of the principle of government by consent
1066
Norman conquest
1215
King John signs the Magna Carta
1588
Spanish Armada
1611
King James version of the Bible complete
1662
Monarchy was fully restored
1688
Glorious Revolution
Asoka
Greatest ruler of the Maurya empire that extend it is domain southward until he control over two thirds of the Indian subcontinent
T’sai Lun
The Chinese inventor of paper
Pi Sheng
Developed the first movable type
Shih Huang Ti
The Chinese emperor who started the Chin Dynasty and built the first united Chinese empire
Genghis Khan
The Mongol emperor who ruled the largest empire in history
Prince Shotoku
That “founder of Japanese civilization” his greatest accomplishment was the establishment of a “Constitution”
Prince Henry the navigator
The Portuguese prince he was consumed with navigation and sent many ships on explorations
Marco Polo
The first European to travel the whole length of Asia
Leif Erickson
Viking explorer who may have sailed to America around A.D. 1000
Christopher Columbus
The Italian born Adventure that discovered America in 1492 on a voyage sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
Vasco da Gama
The first European to reach the far east by sea
Amerigo Vespucci
First man to realize that Columbus had discovered a new continent
Spanish explorers
Ponce de Leon (The explorer who made the first Spanish Landing on the North American mainland)
Vasco de Balboa (The Spanish explorer who crossed to be it’s messed of panama and discovered the Pacific ocean)
Ferdinand Magellan (A Portuguese sailor working for Spain he started at three year voyage around the world)
Hernando Cortes (The Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Indians)
Francisco Pizarro ( The Spaniard who conquered the Inca Indians of Peru)
Francisco Coronado;
Hernando De Soto
Philip II
King of Spain that probably controlled more of the surface of the earth and than any other human being
Pedro Cabral
The Portuguese navigator who discovered Brazil
French explorers
Giovanni de Verranzano (and I talion who explored the east coast of North America for France)
Jacques Cartier;
Samuel de Champlain (The founder of Quebec, the first permanent French colony in the New World)
Louis Joliet (A Jesuit missionary and fur trader respectively, that explored the central Mississippi River)
Robert cavalier de la Salle (The French explorer who claimed the entire Mississippi Valley for France)
Henry Hudson
Discovered the Delaware Bay and the Hudson river
English explorers
John Cabot (The first explorer to reach the North American mainland) Sir Francis Drake ( The first Englishman to sail around the world)
Indus River Valley
Where Indian civilization first arose about 2000 BC
Hong Kong
Location of the colony established by Great Britain in 1841
Indonesia
International crossroads for trade after Marco Polo visited the islands
Cape of good hope
The southern end of Africa which Bartholomeu Dias navigated
“New France”
Canada, the Great Lakes region, and the Mississippi Valley
Roanoke Island
The location where sir Walter Raleigh founded the colony
Jamestown, Virginia
The first permanent English settlement in the New World
Maurya Empire
The greatest ruler of this empire, as Soca, control over two thirds of the Indian subcontinent and promoted Buddhism
Mogul Empire
The Muslim empire that ruled India from 1526 until the 1700s when the British East India Company came to power
Caste system
A strict social structure set up by the Aryans that included Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Sudras
Hinduism and Buddhism
Two religions that originated in India
Reincarnation
The suppose it appearance of a soul after death in another body
Shang dynasty
The Chinese dynasty that developed a system of writing
Chin Dynasty
The dynasty that built the first United Chinese empire
Great wall of China
The worlds longest fortification dealt primarily for protection from the Huns
Han Dynasty
Dynasty that marked the height of ancient China’s power and glory
Confucianism and Taoism
Two religions that originated in China
Yamato
The clan of Japan’s emperors
Shinto
The oldest surviving religion of Japan
Age of exploration
The time when the people of Europe began in earnest to explore all the oceans and continents of the world
October 12, 1492
Columbus discovered America
1498
De Gama, the first European, reaches the far east by sea
1607
First permanent settlement in the New World
List five major religions that origin aided in Asia and indicate the geographic source of each. How are they all similar? How is religion hindered progress and freedom in Asia?
Five major religions that originated in Asia are Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, and Shinto. They are all similar in that they are reject the God of the Bible and promote the worship of false gods of all types spirits, men, or idols. They blind and have blinded countless soles of spiritual darkness. Pagan religions have hindered economic and social progress, keeping people from individual freedoms.
Explain the spirit that drove the Englishman to settle the New World
The spirit of individual freedoms and responsibility was in the hearts of the people of England. More and more Englishman read the Bible for themselves and many lives were changed. Or…. Dad says they were just bored.
