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Emergency Medical Responder > Ch 06: Respiratory Emergencies > Flashcards

Ch 06: Respiratory Emergencies Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Choking

A

Describes the condition of a blocked airway.

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2
Q

Anatomical Obstruction

A

Airway blocked by an object directly attached to and part of the body.

Ie: Epiglottitis

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3
Q

Mechanical Obstruction

A

Airway is blocked by a foreign object.

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4
Q

Partial Obstruction

A

Choking in which there is still some air movement.

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5
Q

Complete Obstruction

A

Choking in which there is severe blockage of the airway. Patient cannot speak, cry, breathe or cough.

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6
Q

Aspiration

A

Foreign matter entering the lungs or airway.

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7
Q

Care for a Conscious Choking Adult or Child

A
  • Stand or kneel behind patient with one leg between theirs.
  • Make a fist with one hand, placing the thumb side against the patients abdomen, just above the navel and well below the lower tip of the sternum.
  • Grab this fist with your other hand and give abdominal thrusts until the object comes out or the patient becomes unconscious.
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8
Q

Abdominal Thrusts

A

The act of compressing the abdomen to increase pressure in the lungs and airway, stimulating a cough.

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9
Q

Care for an Unconscious Choking Adult or Child

A
  • Begin with 30 chest compressions
  • Open the airway with a head tilt chin lift (HTCL)
  • Check for foreign matter and suction it out
  • Attempt two ventilations, making adjustments to ensure proper airway maintenance.
  • If air does not go in after adjustment and a second try, repeat the process.
  • If air does go in, give a second set of ventilations
  • Check patient for signs of circulation
  • If there is no pulse, begin AED and CPR
  • If there is circulation but no breathing, assist ventilations.
  • Provide ongoing care
  • Obtain advanced medical care
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10
Q

Chest Thrusts

A

A technique used in place of abdominal thrusts on larger or pregnant patients.

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11
Q

Choking Alone

A

If you are choking:

  • Dial 9 1 1 and leave the phone on, this will tell dispatch to send help
  • Unlock and open the door of access to house
  • Get to a place where you can be noticed
  • Using force, drop your abdomen onto an appropriate object to perform a modified abdominal thrust
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12
Q

Care for a Conscious Choking Infant / Baby

A

If the baby cannot breathe, cough, or cry:

  • Sandwich the baby between your forearms, using your thumb and fingers to hold the baby’s jaw open
  • Turn the baby’s face down along your forearm and rest your arm on your lap so that the baby’s head is lower than its chest.
  • Perform 5 firm back blows with the heel of your hand between the shoulder blades, maintaining support of the head and neck.
  • Turn the baby over by sandwiching it between both forearms and transferring it face up to the opposite arm that supported the back blows.
  • Tuck this arm in (like holding a heavy football), and rest it on your thigh.
  • Place two fingers in the middle of the chest, just below the nipple line.
  • Use the pads of those two fingers to compress the breastbone at least 4 cm, 5 times.
  • Repeat until the object comes out or the baby goes unconscious
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13
Q

Care for an Unconscious Choking Infant / Baby

A
  • Lay the baby on a firm surface, keeping mindful of its head and neck
  • Begin with 30 chest compressions with two fingers
  • Open the mouth to check for foreign matter, sweep out if you see any.
  • Open the airway and attempt two ventilations, making sure to adjust the HTCL
  • If the ventilation does not go in, repeat this process.
  • If the ventilation goes in, give two more ventilations, check for signs of circulation and breathing.
  • If no pulse, begin CPR
  • If pulse but no breathing, assist ventilations
  • Provide ongoing care
  • Obtain advanced medical care
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14
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Breathing Emergencies

A
  • Abnormal breathing
  • Abnormal skin appearance
  • Restlessness or anxiety
  • Dizzy or lightheaded
  • Chest pain
  • Tingling of extremities
  • Accessory muscle use or Tripod position
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15
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing

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16
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Severe allergic reaction in which the air passages constrict.

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17
Q

Other Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis

A 
Hives
Itching
Rash
Weakness
Nausea
Vomiting
Dizziness
and Breathing Difficulty
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18
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C O P D)

A

Disease of the airway characterized by a loss of lung function.

Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis

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19
Q

C O P D - Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Shortness of breath, gasping for breath
  • Sudden onset
  • Tripod Position
  • Barrel Chested (Use of intercostal muscles)
  • Coarse rattling sound in lungs
  • Jugular Vein Distention
  • Cyanosis
  • Prolonged exhalation through pursed lips
  • Oxygen tank in residence
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20
Q

Emphysema

A

Disease in which the alveoli lose their elasticity, become distended with air and stop functioning.

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21
Q

Emphysema Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Use of intercostal muscles
  • Shortness of breath
  • Extreme difficulty exhaling
  • Cyanosis
  • Fever
  • Restless
  • Confusion
  • Weakness
  • Respiratory or cardiac arrest
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22
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

Disease causing excessive mucous secretion and inflammatory changes to the bronchi.

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23
Q

Chronic Bronchitis Signs and Symptoms

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Productive Cough that has persisted 3 months in a given year and over two consecutive years
  • Narrowing of the airway
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24
Q

Sputum

A

Mucous coughed up from the lower airways

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25
Q

Hypoxic Drive

A

When the body uses low levels of oxygen in the blood stream to determine the need to breathe.

26
Q

Treatment of C O P D related illnesses

A
  • Have the patient remain in the position of comfort
  • Administer oxygen

If complications arise assist ventilations, perform CPR and get advanced medical care

27
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (A R D S)

A

Disease in which fluid builds up between the alveolar membrane and the pulmonary capillaries, causing a decrease in the amount of oxygen red blood cells can absorb.

Usually occurs after a lung illness or injury
Very life threatening

28
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A
  • Acute; within hours or days of incident
  • Lungs will feel heavy and require more force for ventilations
  • Tachypnea
  • Shortness of breath
  • Cyanosis
  • Pulmonary edema
  • History of illness of injury to lungs
29
Q

Treatment for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A
  • Administer oxygen
  • Position of comfort
  • Assist ventilations
  • Rapid transport to advanced medical care
30
Q

Asthma

A

A condition that narrows the air passages and makes breathing difficult.

During an asthma attack, air passages become constricted or narrowed by a spasm or swelling of the muscles lining the bronchi.

31
Q

Signs and Symptoms of an Asthma Attack

A
  • Patient is anxious or frightened
  • Triggered by allergic reaction, emotional distress or physical activity
  • Wheezing upon exhalation
32
Q

Metered Dose Inhaler

A

Device prescribed to asthma patients to delivery medication during an asthma attack.

33
Q

Nebulizer

A

Device that converts liquid medication to aerosol form by forcing oxygen through at high velocity.

34
Q

Pneumonia

A

Term to describe a group of illnesses characterized by lung infection and fluid/pus filled alveoli.

35
Q

Pneumonitis

A

Pneumonia caused by irritants or aspirated material

36
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Tachypnea
  • Pleuritic chest pain, worse with breathing
  • Productive cough
  • Fever > 38 degrees Celsius
  • Chills
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Headache
  • Tiredness
  • Muscle aches
37
Q

Treatment of Pneumonia

A
  • Position of comfort
  • Administer Oxygen
  • Advanced medical care
38
Q

Acute Pulmonary Edema

A

Lung or heart damage causing pressure and fluid to back up in the pulmonary vein, forcing fluid to leak into the alveoli.

39
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Pulmonary Edema

A
  • Sudden onset
  • Shortness of breath
  • Rapid, laboured breathing
  • Cyanosis
  • Frothy sputum (advanced stage)
  • Restlessness
  • Anxiety
  • Exhaustion
  • Tachycardia
  • Cool, clammy skin
40
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

A condition in which the heart loses it’s pumping ability, causing fluid buildup in the body; results in heart failure.

41
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid breathing

42
Q

Tachycardia

A

Rapid pulse

43
Q

Treatment for Acute Pulmonary Edema

A
  • Position of comfort
  • Administer oxygen
  • Assist ventilations
  • Advanced medical care
44
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

A common condition in which there is a blockage of a pulmonary artery by a thrombus or other foreign matter, which flows to the right side of the heart, obstructing blood flow to the lungs.

45
Q

Pulmonary Embolism Signs and Symptoms

A

Varies depending on the size and location of the embolus.

  • Shortness of breath
  • Cough
  • Pain
  • Anxiety
  • Syncope
  • Hypotension
  • Cool, clammy skin
  • Tachycardia
  • Fever
  • Distended neck vein
46
Q

Treatment for Pulmonary Embolism

A
  • Position of comfort
  • Oxygen
  • Advanced medical care
47
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure

48
Q

Hypertension

A

High Blood Pressure

49
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting

50
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Breathing faster than normal

> 30 breaths per minute

51
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Breathing slower than normal

< 8

52
Q

Respiratory Arrest

A

A condition in which breathing stops

53
Q

Rescue Breathing

A

Technique of breathing air into a patient to supply them with oxygen.

54
Q

Percentage of oxygen in the air

A

21 %

55
Q

Percentage of oxygen exhaled

A

16 %

56
Q

What rate do you give ventilations?

A

1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds.

12 - 20 breaths per minute on an adult patient

57
Q

When do you check signs of circulation?

A

Once before beginning respirations, and after two minutes of rescue breathing. If there is no pulse begin CPR.

58
Q

When do you stop ventilations?

A
  • The patient begins to breathe on their own
  • You have to begin CPR
  • Another responder with equal or higher training takes over
  • You are too exhausted to continue
  • The scene suddenly becomes unsafe
59
Q

Gastric Distension

A

Air in the stomach

60
Q

Emesis

A

Vomiting

Emergency Medical Responder (16 decks)

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