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Emergency Medical Responder > Ch 03: Preventing Disease Transmission > Flashcards

Ch 03: Preventing Disease Transmission Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

Gradual defeat of the immune system by the HIV Virus

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2
Q

Airborne Transmission

A

Inhalation of infected droplets

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3
Q

Bacteria

A

Single celled organisms that can cause infection.

Examples:
Tetanus
Meningitis
Strep Throat
Tuberculosis
Diptheria
Food Poisoning
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Chlamydia
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4
Q

Blood-Borne Pathogen

A

Harmful organisms in blood and body fluids

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5
Q

Community Associated MRSA

A

A superbug version of staph that exists outside of hospital settings.

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Staph bacteria that is resistant to many types of antibiotics. Occurs in groups of people who have recently been hospitalized.

Community Associated MRSA occurs in individuals who have not been recently in a hospital.

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6
Q

Direct Contact Transmission

A

Touching infected body fluids directly

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7
Q

Hepatitis

A

Viral infection involving the liver

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8
Q

Herpes

A

Viral infection causing eruptions on the skin and mucous membranes

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9
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A

Virus that disables the immune system, causing the condition AIDS.

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10
Q

Immune System

A

The body’s way of responding and fighting disease

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11
Q

Immunization

A

Killed/weakened pathogens introduced to the body to build resistance.

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12
Q

Indirect contact transmission

A

Touching objects that have been exposed to infected fluids and tissues.

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13
Q

Infection

A

Condition caused by disease producing organisms

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14
Q

Infectious disease

A

Highly transmittable disease

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15
Q

Influenza

A

Air borne respiratory illness

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16
Q

Meningitis

A

Infection causing inflammation of the brain or spine

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17
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing agent

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18
Q

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

A

Viral Respiratory Illness spread person to person through airborne infected droplets or by touching contaminated surfaces.

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19
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Bacterial respiratory disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Can be asymptomatic or active.

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20
Q

Vector Borne Transmission

A

Infected bite transmits disease into bloodstream

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21
Q

Virus

A

Pathogen needing another organism to live. Does not respond to anti-biotics.

Examples:
Hepatitis
Measles
Mumps
Chicken Pox
Influenza
Warts
Herpes
HIV
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22
Q

Fungi

A

A single celled or multi celled organism

Athletes food
Ringworm

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23
Q

Protozoa

A

A single celled organism that can only divide within a host organism.

Examples:
Malaria
Dysentery

24
Q

Rickettsia

A

A group of micro organisms that require other living cells for growth, use oxygen, have metabolic enzymes, cell walls and are susceptible to anti biotics.

Examples:
Typhus
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

25
Q

Parasitic Worms

A

A disease causing organism that lives on or in, and derives its nourishment from its host.

26
Q

Conditions caused by Parasitic Worms

A

Abdominal Pain
Anemia
Lymphatic vessel blockage
Lowered Antibody Response

27
Q

The Three Types of Human Immunity

A

Innate
Adaptive
Passive

28
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Natural barriers that our bodies have.

Skin and White Blood Cells

29
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Built up resistance from exposure or immunization

30
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Gained from external sources like breast milk

31
Q

4 Needs of Disease Transmission

A
  • Presence of Pathogen
  • Quantity of Pathogen
  • Susceptibility to Pathogen
  • Route of Entry
32
Q

4 Ways Pathogens Enter the Body

A

Direct Contact
Indirect Contact
Airborne
Vector borne

33
Q

How is Hepatitis Spread

A
  • Through food and water that has been contaminated by infected stool
  • Through engaging in certain sexual activities
34
Q

Hepatitis A

A
  • Hep A Vaccination
  • Wash hands thoroughly
  • Do not drink the water when traveling internationally
  • Symptoms are flu like or non existent
35
Q

Hepatitis B

A
  • Hep B vaccination
  • May be severe or fatal
  • Symptoms are flu like, with fever, joint pain, dark urine and clay colored feces.
36
Q

Hepatitis C

A
  • There is no vaccination and no treatment
  • Symptoms are flu like with fever, joint pain, dark urine, clay colored feces, and jaundice
  • Leading cause of liver transplants
37
Q

Hepatitis D

A
  • No vaccine
  • Relies on HBV to replicate
  • Uncommon in Canada
  • Transmitted through contact with infected blood
38
Q

Hepatitis E

A
  • No Vaccine

- Transmitted the fecal-oral route

39
Q

Opportunistic Infections

A

Infections that attack people with weakened immune systems

40
Q

Symptoms of Tuberculosis

A
  • Bad cough lasting weeks or longer
  • Pain in the chest
  • Weight Loss
  • Loss of Appetite
  • Bloody Sputum
  • Weakness / Fatigue
  • Night Sweats
41
Q

Symptoms of Meningitis

A
  • Stiff Neck
  • High Fever
  • Sensitivity to Light
  • Confusion
  • Headache
  • Nausea / Vomiting
42
Q

Symptoms of SARS

A 
High Fever
Headache
Discomfort
Body Aches
Dry Cough 
Pneumonia
43
Q

Influenza

A

Respiratory illness caused by human influenza A and B viruses.

Sudden onset including headache, fever, tiredness, dry cough, sore throat or runny / stuffy nose

44
Q

Pandemic Influenza

A

Global outbreak of a sever form of human influenza A

45
Q

Precautions to Avoid Disease Transmission

A

Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Maintain Personal Hygiene
Having Engineering and Work Practice Controls
Cleaning and Disinfecting Equipment

46
Q

Personal Protective Equipment Precautions

A
  • Handle all fluids as if infectious
  • Handle situations in a way that limits exposure to fluids and air droplets
  • Wear disposable single use gloves.
  • Never touch soiled surfaces with your bare hand
  • Avoid handling personal items when wearing soiled gloves
  • Change gloves for each patient
  • Cover any open or exposed skin with more PPE
  • Use resuscitation masks with one way valves
47
Q

Personal Hygiene Precautions

A
  • Wash hands frequently

- Prevent contaminated materials from coming into and staying in contact with your body

48
Q

Engineering Controls

A

Isolate or remove a hazard from a work place

49
Q

Work Place Controls

A

Reduce the likelihood of exposure

50
Q

Engineering and Work Place Control Precautions

A
  • Ensure all response kits are fully stocked and readily available
  • Maintain all PPE in clean and working condition
  • Use dressings and equipment to minimize direct contact with fluids and wounds
  • Never recap contaminated needles and avoid needle stick injuries
  • Place sharps in a labelled container
  • Perform procedures to cut down on production or splashing of fluids
  • Remove soiled PPE as soon as possible
  • Avoid putting anything in or around or touching your eyes, nose or mouth
  • Handle all contaminated materials with great care, keeping them in labelled containers and plastic bags.
  • Wash your hands frequently and thoroughly
  • Disposable waste or soiled laundry should be stored in containers until they are disposed or laundered. They should be labelled with bio hazard and other warnings.
51
Q

Equipment Cleaning and Disinfecting Precautions

A
  • Clean and disinfect all surfaces and equipment
  • Gloves are to be worn when cleaning
  • Surfaces must first be cleaned with soap using disposable towels, then disinfected with bleach.
  • Wash and dry PPE and uniforms
  • All work areas are to be clean and sanitary
52
Q

Spill Management

A
  • Wear PPE when cleaning spills
  • Clean them immediately
  • Do not pick up any sharp objects, use tongs or a dust pan
  • Dispose of all contaminated material in a labelled biohazard container
  • Flood the area with disinfectant solution and let stand for 20 minutes
  • Use paper towel to absorb solution and dispose in labelled biohazard container
53
Q

The Exposure Control Plan

A

A system to protect people in an environment from infection. Should be placed where it can be used and updated every year.

54
Q

Exposure Control Plan Elements

A
  • Exposure determination
  • Who will receive training, PPE and Vaccination
  • Procedure for evaluating details of an exposure incident
55
Q

What to do When an Exposure Occurs

A
  • Remove soiled equipment and immediately wash all areas that may have been exposed.
  • Report the exposure
  • Follow your exposure control protocols
  • Receive medical evaluation, counseling and post exposure care
  • See your physician

Emergency Medical Responder (16 decks)

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