Ch 04: Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Body System
Organs and structures that carry out specific functions
Cell
The basic unit to all tissue
Tissue
Cells grouped together to perform a task
Organ
Tissue grouped together to perform a task
Vital Organs
Organs essential for life
Midline
An invisible line separating the right and left halves of the body.
Lateral
Away from the midline horizontally
Medial
Toward the midline horizontally
Anterior - Ventral
Toward the front of the body
Posterior - Dorsal
Toward the back of the body
Superior - Cephalic
Toward the head on the body
Inferior - Caudal
Toward the Feet
Proximal
Injuries to the extremities that are closer to the trunk of the body
Distal
Injuries to the extremities that are away from the trunk of the body
The Body’s Four Quadrants
Upper Right
Upper Left
Lower Right
Lower Left
Name the Five Body Cavities
Cranial Spinal Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic
Cranial Cavity
Located in the head and protected by the skull. Holds the brain.
Spinal Cavity
Extended from the bottom of the skull to the lower back. Protected by the vertebrae.
Contains the Spinal Cord.
Thoracic Cavity
Chest Cavity; located in the trunk between the diaphragm and neck and is protected by the rib cage. Contains Heart and Lungs
Abdominal Cavity
Located in the trunk between the diaphragm and pelvis. Holds the Liver, Spleen, Stomach, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Kidneys, Large Intestine and Small Intestine.
Pelvic Cavity
Located in the Pelvis, the lowest part of the trunk. Protected by the pelvic bones and lower portion of the spine. Contains the reproductive organs and colon.
Name the Body Systems
Respiratory Circulatory Nervous Musculoskeletal Integumentary Endocrine Digestive Genitourinary
Respiratory System - Parts
Nose Mouth Lungs Nasopharynx Oropharynx Epiglottis Trachea Pharynx Larynx Bronchi Alveoli
Nasopharynx
The part of the pharynx behind and above the soft palate, directly continuous with the nasal passages.
Oropharynx
The part of the pharynx between the soft palate of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis before the esophagus.
Epiglottis
A thin, valvelike, cartilaginous structure that covers the glottis during swallowing, preventing the entrance of food and drink into the larynx.
The flap of tissue that covers the trachea to keep food and liquid out of the lungs.
Trachea
The tube from the Larynx to the Bronchi that enables air passage; The wind pipe.
Pharynx
The tube that connects the mouth and nasal passages with the esophagus.
Larynx
A part of the airway connecting the pharynx with the trachea; The ‘voice box’.
Bronchi
The air passages that lead from the trachea to the lungs in a Y shape.
Alveoli
Small air sacs in the lungs where gases and waste are exchanged between the lungs and the blood.
Diaphragm
A band of muscle dividing the thoracic and abdominal cavities; responsible for enabling the breathing process.
Respiratory System Primary Function
Supply the body with Oxygen.
The Breathing Process
The diaphragm contracts, creating a negative space in the lungs, drawing in air through the nose and mouth. Air passes through the pharynx, passed the epiglottis into the trachea, down to the bronchi and into the alveoli where gas exchange occurs with capillaries. When the diaphragm relaxes, it forces carbon dioxide in the opposing direction.
Respiratory Emergencies
Choking Illness (Epiglotitis, Pneumonia) Conditions such as asthma and Emphysema Electrocution Shock Drowning Heart attack or Heart Disease Injury to the chest and lungs Allergic Reactions (anaphylaxis) Drugs Poisoning
The Minutes After Respiratory Arrest
0 minutes - Clinical Death: Breathing stops, heart will soon stop
4-6 Minutes: Brain damage possible
6-10 Minutes: Brain damage likely
10+ Minutes - Biological Death: irreversible brain damage certain
Circulatory System
Transports nutrients and oxygen to body cells and removed waste products from the blood.
Circulatory System Components
Heart Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava SA Node AV Node Veins Arteries Capillaries Pulmonary Veins Pulmonary Arteries Blood
Contraction
The pumping action of the heart, controlled by the hearts electrical system.
Heart
A fist sized muscular vital organ that is responsible for moving blood throughout the entire body
Right Atrium
(Anatomic) upper right chamber of the heart. De-oxygenated blood enters through here from the inferior vena cava and passes to the right ventricle.
Right Ventricle
(Anatomic) lower right chamber of the heart. De-oxygenated blood enters from the right atrium and gets pumped to the lungs.
Left Atrium
Anatomic) left upper chamber of the heart. Newly Oxygenated blood enters and then gets pumped to the left ventricle.
Left Ventricle
(Anatomic) lower left chamber of the heart where oxygenated blood enters from the left atrium and is forcefully pumped out of the aorta to the rest of the body.
Aorta
Main trunk of the arterial system that feeds the entire system of arteries, blood vessels and capillaries with oxygenated blood.
Arteries
A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart.
Pulmonary Artery
Carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary Vein
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels linking arteries and veins, transfer oxygen and nutrients to the cells and remove waste products.
Veins
Carry blood to the heart.
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
The point of origin of the heart’s electrical impulse; Pacemaker of the heart and generates normal sinus rhythm.
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
Part of the electrical control system of the heart that coordinates the top of the heart. It electrically connects atrial and ventricular chambers.
Blood
The fluid that circulates in the circulatory system
The Heart’s Electrical System
Begins with the Sinoatrial Node located in the upper part of the hearts right atrium. The current then passes to the Atrioventricular Node where it is delayed, allowing time for the blood in the atria to fill their respective ventricles. It then passes through the bundles of His, back up to the Purkinje fibres, leading to the contraction of the ventricles.
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
Begins at the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava. De-oxygenated blood is brought to the right atrium, where by electrical signals is pumped to the right ventricle, up through the pulmonary Artery where it goes to the lungs to be oxygenated. Then it gets pumped through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium, down to the left ventricle, forced up through the Aorta and pumped to the rest of the body.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
A reading of the conduction of the electrical current through the heart’s pathways.
Clinical Death
The condition in which the heart stops beating and breathing stops.
Biological Death
The irreversible damage caused by the death of brain cells.
Normal Sinus Rhythm
The normal conduction of electrical impulses without any disturbances.
Superior Vena Cava
Short vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium
Inferior Vena Cava
Large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium.
Nervous System
Transmits messages to and from the brain
Nervous System Components
Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves
Brain
Control center of the nervous system. Brain cells do not regenerate.
Nerves
Paths that brain signals travel. Regenerate extremely slowly, to the point where it is believed that they do not regenerate at all.
Spinal Cord
Large bundle of nerves in the spine, nerves extend from this to every part of the body
Spinal Column
The series of vertebrae extending from the base of the spine to the tip of the tailbone.
Regions of the Spine
Cervical - 7 vertebrae Thoracic - 12 vertebrae Lumbar - 5 vertebrae Sacrum - 5 vertebrae Coccyx - 4 fused bones
Vertebrae
The 33 bones of the spinal column separated by cushions of cartilage.
Why do we take serious precautions with spinal/head injuries?
Because the Spinal Cord is located between wing shaped bone structure of the vertebrae, and can easily be damaged, leaving the patient paralyzed.
Musculoskeletal System
Provides framework, protects organs, allows movements and provides heat and blood components.
Muskuloskeletal System Components
Bones Muscles Ligaments Tendons Cartilage
Bones
The tissue responsible for supporting and protecting various organs in the body. Also produce red (Erythrocytes) and white (Leukocytes) blood cells.
Muscles
Function to provide force and motion. Primarily responsible for maintaining and changing posture, locomotion, as well as movement of internal organs, such as the contraction of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive system via peristalsis.
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone.
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone.
Cartilage
Flexible connective tissue that also functions as shock absorbers and structure for various parts of the body.
Basic Bones of the Body
Cranium Clavical Scapula Ribs Sternum Vertebrae Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Metatarsal Phalanges Humerus Radius Ulna Metacarpal
Joint
A structure where two or more bones come together. Held by ligaments.
Osteoporosis
When bones become gradually and progressively weaker and less dense.
Major Muscles of the Body
Face Muscles Neck Muscles Deltoid Bicep Tricep Extensors Chest muscles Abdominal muscles Groin muscles Back muscles Gluteus Maximus Quadriceps Hamstrings Calf Muscles Archilles Tendon
Voluntary Muscle
Skeletal muscles that act under your conscious control. They also protect underlying structures such as bones, nerves and blood vessels.
Involuntary Muscle
Muscles automatically controlled by the brain. Ie: Heart and diaphragm.
Paralysis
Complete loss of muscle control, may also affect nerves and the ability to sense touch.
Osteoarthritis
Inflammation of the joints
Integumentary System
Protects the body by preventing infection and dehydration, assists in temperature regulation and production of certain vitamins.
Integumentary System Components
Skin
Hair
Nails
Layers of Skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Fat (Hypodermis)
Epidermis
First layer of skin; Provides a barrier from bacteria.
Dermis
The deeper layer of skin; Contains important structures like sweat and oil glands, and blood vessels.
Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)
Attaches skin to muscle and adds a layer of fat to insulate the body. Contains 50% of the body’s fat cells.
Sweat Glands and Pores
Help regulate body tempurature by releasing sweat.
Oil Glands
Keep the skin soft, supple and waterproof.
Endocrine System
Secretes hormones and other substances into the blood to regulate certain body functions.
Endocrine System Components
Pineal Gland Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Thyroid Adrenals Ovaries / Testes
Glands
Organs that release hormones and other substances into the blood or onto the skin to regulate some bodily functions.
Gastrointestinal System
Breaks down food into energy and removes solid waste products.
Gastrointestinal System Components
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Liver Pancreas Gallbladder Small Intestine Large Intestine (Colon) Rectum Anus
Hydrochloric Acid
The corrosive acid in the stomach used for digestion.
Peristalsis
The muscle movements that pushes food (Bolus) through the digestive tract.
Pancreas
Both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones and a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist the absorption of nutrients and the digestion in the small intestine.
Liver
Produces bile, which is used in digestion. Has a lot of other useful functions as a gland.
Gallbladder
A small organ where bile is stored, before it is released into the small intestine.
Small Intestine
Where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place.
Large Intestine
Absorbs water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then passes useless waste material from the body.
Rectum
Acts as a temporary storage site for feces.
Anus
An opening at the end of the digestive tract.
Genitourinary System
Two systems: Urinary and Reproductive.
Filters waste product from the bloodstream and enables sexual reproduction.
Genitourinary System Basic Components
Kidneys
Urinary Bladder
Penis / Vagina and Uterus
Testes / Ovaries
Kidneys
They serve the body as a natural filter of the blood, and remove wastes, which are diverted to the urinary bladder.
Can be easily damaged during back trauma, causing a patient to lose a lot of blood.
Bladder
collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination. Can be ruptured with trauma.
External Reproductive Organs
Genitalia; trauma can cause heavy bleeding but is rarely life threatening. Injuries to this area may be a result of sexual assault.
