Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Respiration that does not require oxygen
Anaerobic (fermentation)
Respiration that does require oxygen
Aerobic
Purpose of cellular respiration
To turn food energy into cellular energy (ATP)
Fermentation for animals/bacteria
Lactic acid fermentation
Fermentation for plants/yeast (fungi)
Alcohol fermentation
Aerobic respiration formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Anaerobic respiration formula
Glucose –> CO2 + lactic acid (animal) OR ethanol (plant) + 2 ATP
4 stages of aerobic respiration
- Glycolysis
- Oxidation of pyruvate
- Krebs/Citric acid cycle
- ETC/chemiosmosis
2 stages of anaerobic respiration
- Glycolysis
- Fermentation
Glycolysis (main idea)
Sugar is broken down in the cytoplasm (anaerobic process)
Input/output in glycolysis process
Input: Glucose, 2 ATP
Output: net 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate
How and when is Acetyl CoA formed?
Before entering Krebs Cycle, 2 pyruvate from glycolysis react with coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA.
What else happens to one carbon dioxide between Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle?
One carbon dioxide is released and an NADH electrion carrier formes.- Oxidation of Pyruvate
honestly just ignore this card
Where is most of the glucose energy stored after glycolysis?
2 pyruvates
of steps in Krebs cycle (simple)
6
output of Krebs Cycle
Output: 4 CO2, 6 NADH election carriers, 2 FADH2 electron carriers, 2 ATP
Stage where most of the ATP of aerobic cellular respiration is made
Electron Transport Chain
Election Transport Chain: What happens after electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 get to the ETC?
The electrons/hydrogen atoms are released from the carriers and move along the mitochondrial membrane through various proteins.
Electron Transport Chain: What happens as electrons move along the proteins of the mitochondrial membrane?
Hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane into intermembrane space.
Electron Transport Chain: What happens to electrons at the end of the chain?
They combine with O2 to make water.
Chemiosmosis
Hydrogen ions outside the cell diffuse back into the membrane through ATP synthase (an enzyme) that turns ADP into ATP.
What is fermentation?
When there is no oxygen left after glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates and stabilizes the cell (homeostasis) and allows small amounts ATP to be produced.
Why can glycolysis be repeated after fermentation?
Glycolysis converts NAD+ to NADH, and when pyruvate gets converted to lactic acid or ethanol, NADH is converted back to NAD+.
What causes your muscles to feel sore?
Lactic acid from lack of oxygen.
In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ______ and _____ _____.
ethanol/alcohol and carbon dioxide
Why does the outmembrane have pores?
To allow molecules through.
NAD+ turns to
NADH
FAD+ turns to
FADH2
Oxidation of Pyruvate # of steps
3
First step of Oxidation of Pyruvate
Decarboxation - remove 1 CO2 from pyruvate (leaves 2 carbon acetyl)
After Decarboxation (2nd step of Oxidation of Pyruvate)
NAD+ becomes NADH from acetyl
What happens to 2 carbon acetyl (3rd step of Oxidation of Pyruvate)
CoA attatches to acetyl to make Acetyl CoA
**Oxidation of Pyruvate happens for both pyruvates
Results of Oxidation of Pyruvate
2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2
1st step of Krebs Cycle
Acetyl CoA (2 carbons)
+ olaxoacetate (4 carbons) = citric acid (6 carbons)
**in the matrix
2nd step of Krebs Cycle
citric acid (6 carbons) loses an electron (makes NADH) and then loses a CO2 = alpha-ketoglutarate (5 carbon)
3rd step of Krebs Cycle
Alpha-ketoglutarate (5 carbons) loses an electron (makes NADH) and then loses a CO2 = succinyl CoA (4 carbon)
4th step of Krebs Cycle (making ATP/GTP)
Succinyl CoA (4 carbons) loses CoA (ADP becomes ATP with phosphate) = succrinate (4 carbon)
5th step of Krebs Cycle
Succinate CoA (4 carbons) loses an electron (makes FADH2) = Fumerate (4 carbons)
**fumerate is hydroxylized and turns into Malate
6th step of Krebs Cycle
Malate (4 carbons) is oxidized (makes NADH) = olaxoacetate (4 carbons)
After 6th step of Krebs Cycle
Oxaloacetate can bond with acetyl CoA again to make citric acid
Electron Transport Chain Products
32 ATP, 10 NAD+, 2 FAD, 6 H2O
number of steps in ETC
5
1st step of Electron Transport Chain
Complex I
10 NADH drop off electrons that allow 4 H+ to get pumped into intermembrane space
2nd step of ETC
Electrons from Complex I and from 2 FADH2 go to Q (connecting/transport protein)
3rd step of ETC
Complex II used electrons to pumps more H+ into intermembrane space
electrons then go to cytochrome c to get to complex III
4th step of ETC
Complex III uses the electrons to pump more H+ into intermembrane space
Has OXYGEN to make H2O using electrons
5th step of ETC
Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation/chemiosmosis
A channel protein and ATP Synthase allow H+ back in from intermembrane space, spinning the ATP synthase and making energy to turn ADP into ATP
After ETC
Hydrogen is pumped back to be recycled and ATP is let out of the mitochondria by channel proteins
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvate is converted to lactate and NADH is turned back into NAD+
2 ATP made
Alcohol Fermentation
Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide and NADH is turned back into NAD+
2 ATP is made
