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Science > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration that does not require oxygen

A

Anaerobic (fermentation)

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2
Q

Respiration that does require oxygen

A

Aerobic

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3
Q

Purpose of cellular respiration

A

To turn food energy into cellular energy (ATP)

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4
Q

Fermentation for animals/bacteria

A

Lactic acid fermentation

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5
Q

Fermentation for plants/yeast (fungi)

A

Alcohol fermentation

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6
Q

Aerobic respiration formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

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7
Q

Anaerobic respiration formula

A

Glucose –> CO2 + lactic acid (animal) OR ethanol (plant) + 2 ATP

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8
Q

4 stages of aerobic respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Oxidation of pyruvate
  3. Krebs/Citric acid cycle
  4. ETC/chemiosmosis
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9
Q

2 stages of anaerobic respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Fermentation
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10
Q

Glycolysis (main idea)

A

Sugar is broken down in the cytoplasm (anaerobic process)

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11
Q

Input/output in glycolysis process

A

Input: Glucose, 2 ATP
Output: net 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

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12
Q

How and when is Acetyl CoA formed?

A

Before entering Krebs Cycle, 2 pyruvate from glycolysis react with coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA.

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13
Q

What else happens to one carbon dioxide between Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle?

A

One carbon dioxide is released and an NADH electrion carrier formes.- Oxidation of Pyruvate
honestly just ignore this card

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14
Q

Where is most of the glucose energy stored after glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvates

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15
Q

of steps in Krebs cycle (simple)

A

6

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16
Q

output of Krebs Cycle

A

Output: 4 CO2, 6 NADH election carriers, 2 FADH2 electron carriers, 2 ATP

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17
Q

Stage where most of the ATP of aerobic cellular respiration is made

A

Electron Transport Chain

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18
Q

Election Transport Chain: What happens after electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 get to the ETC?

A

The electrons/hydrogen atoms are released from the carriers and move along the mitochondrial membrane through various proteins.

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19
Q

Electron Transport Chain: What happens as electrons move along the proteins of the mitochondrial membrane?

A

Hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane into intermembrane space.

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20
Q

Electron Transport Chain: What happens to electrons at the end of the chain?

A

They combine with O2 to make water.

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21
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Hydrogen ions outside the cell diffuse back into the membrane through ATP synthase (an enzyme) that turns ADP into ATP.

22
Q

What is fermentation?

A

When there is no oxygen left after glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates and stabilizes the cell (homeostasis) and allows small amounts ATP to be produced.

23
Q

Why can glycolysis be repeated after fermentation?

A

Glycolysis converts NAD+ to NADH, and when pyruvate gets converted to lactic acid or ethanol, NADH is converted back to NAD+.

24
Q

What causes your muscles to feel sore?

A

Lactic acid from lack of oxygen.

25
Q

In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ______ and _____ _____.

A

ethanol/alcohol and carbon dioxide

26
Q

Why does the outmembrane have pores?

A

To allow molecules through.

27
Q

NAD+ turns to

A

NADH

28
Q

FAD+ turns to

A

FADH2

29
Q

Oxidation of Pyruvate # of steps

A

3

30
Q

First step of Oxidation of Pyruvate

A

Decarboxation - remove 1 CO2 from pyruvate (leaves 2 carbon acetyl)

31
Q

After Decarboxation (2nd step of Oxidation of Pyruvate)

A

NAD+ becomes NADH from acetyl

32
Q

What happens to 2 carbon acetyl (3rd step of Oxidation of Pyruvate)

A

CoA attatches to acetyl to make Acetyl CoA
**Oxidation of Pyruvate happens for both pyruvates

33
Q

Results of Oxidation of Pyruvate

A

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

34
Q

1st step of Krebs Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA (2 carbons)
+ olaxoacetate (4 carbons) = citric acid (6 carbons)
**in the matrix

35
Q

2nd step of Krebs Cycle

A

citric acid (6 carbons) loses an electron (makes NADH) and then loses a CO2 = alpha-ketoglutarate (5 carbon)

36
Q

3rd step of Krebs Cycle

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate (5 carbons) loses an electron (makes NADH) and then loses a CO2 = succinyl CoA (4 carbon)

37
Q

4th step of Krebs Cycle (making ATP/GTP)

A

Succinyl CoA (4 carbons) loses CoA (ADP becomes ATP with phosphate) = succrinate (4 carbon)

38
Q

5th step of Krebs Cycle

A

Succinate CoA (4 carbons) loses an electron (makes FADH2) = Fumerate (4 carbons)
**fumerate is hydroxylized and turns into Malate

39
Q

6th step of Krebs Cycle

A

Malate (4 carbons) is oxidized (makes NADH) = olaxoacetate (4 carbons)

40
Q

After 6th step of Krebs Cycle

A

Oxaloacetate can bond with acetyl CoA again to make citric acid

41
Q

Electron Transport Chain Products

A

32 ATP, 10 NAD+, 2 FAD, 6 H2O

42
Q

number of steps in ETC

A

5

43
Q

1st step of Electron Transport Chain

A

Complex I
10 NADH drop off electrons that allow 4 H+ to get pumped into intermembrane space

44
Q

2nd step of ETC

A

Electrons from Complex I and from 2 FADH2 go to Q (connecting/transport protein)

45
Q

3rd step of ETC

A

Complex II used electrons to pumps more H+ into intermembrane space
electrons then go to cytochrome c to get to complex III

46
Q

4th step of ETC

A

Complex III uses the electrons to pump more H+ into intermembrane space
Has OXYGEN to make H2O using electrons

47
Q

5th step of ETC

A

Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation/chemiosmosis
A channel protein and ATP Synthase allow H+ back in from intermembrane space, spinning the ATP synthase and making energy to turn ADP into ATP

48
Q

After ETC

A

Hydrogen is pumped back to be recycled and ATP is let out of the mitochondria by channel proteins

49
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Pyruvate is converted to lactate and NADH is turned back into NAD+
2 ATP made

50
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A

Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide and NADH is turned back into NAD+
2 ATP is made

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