Cells Flashcards
What does a plant cell have that an animal cell doesn’t?
Cell wall, large central vacuole, plastids (chloropast)
2 types of cells
Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic
Dont have membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotes
Has membrane-bound organelles that perform specific functions
Eukaryotes
Two prokaryotic domains
Bacteria & archaea
Colonial Organism
Connected groups of identical cells
Multicellular structure (pyramid)
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, multicellular organism
What does the plasma membrane do?
Controls entering/exiting molecules
Membrane Lipids
Made of phospholipid bilayer
Eukaryotes have sterols witin for structure and insulation
Membrane Proteins
(Integral proteins)
regulate molecule transportation, surfacce markers, receptors, use carbs as labels
Fluid Mosaic Model
Membrane bilayer costantly moves fluidly as a mosaic of lipids and proteis
Nucleus controls…
functions of eukaryotic cells
Contents of nucleus are held in
nucleoplasm
Nucleus holds DNA as chromatin, which before cell division …
condenses into chomosomes
Nucleus is where DNA converts into…
RNA
Nuclear envelope
Two phospholipid bilayers with nuclear pores
Nucleolus
Where DNA forms ribosomal RNA
Mitochondria
(two phospholipid membranes)
Transfers energy to ATP
Outer membrane is barrier
Inner membrane has cristae for harvesting energy
Why can mitochondria produce by cell division?
They have mitochondrial DNA
Ribosomes
(made of RNA and protein)
Build proteins
(float or attached to ER)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Tubes and sacs (cisternae) that transport molecules around the cell
Rough ER
Covered in ribosomes
Proteins are transferred in or out of cell membrane
Smooth ER
Builds lipids (cholesteral)
Golgi Apparatus
Membranous sacs recieve vesicles (transportation for proteins/lipids) and lables them with carbs
Lysosomes
Digestivve enzymes digest old organelles by autophagy or dysfunctioning cells by autolysis
Peroxisomes
Neutralize damaging oxyfen ions (radicals), detoxify drugs, produces hydrogen peroxide during the process
Glyoxysomes break down fats in plant seeds for energy
Another vesicle
Endosomes
formed from pockets in membraes
Food vacuoles
Store nutrients
Contractile vacuoles
rid excess water
Protein synthesis
Ribosomes on rough ER, transported in vesicles to Golgi Apparatus, modified and repacked, released from vesicles,
(remaining vesicles are lysosomes or peroxisomes)
Cytoskeleton
Tubes and filaments as roadways and structure
Microtubules
Hollow tubes of tubulin keep organelles in place, keep shape, guide molecules
Intermediate Filaments
Rods hold organelles in place
Cilia and Flagella
Hair-like stuctures on cells for movement (made of 9 microtubules and 2 central tubules
Centrioles
Two short cylinders of microtubules that organize microtubules of the cytoskeleton during cell division in animal cells
Plant cells have additional…
Cell walls, large central vacuoles, and plastidsC
Cell wall
Cellulose inside proteins and carbs that form boxes around cell (has pores)
Primary and secondary wall
Primary wall built by enzymes, secondary wall grows between mebrane and primary wall; can’t expand
Central Vacuole
stores water, enzymes, wastes
Provides a lot of structure; wilts without water
Other vacuoles (plant cell)
Store toxic materials or pigments
Plastids
Surrounded by double membrane and has own DNA
Chloroplasts
(cell division)
Make carbs from light energy with H2O and CO2 using chlorophyll inside thylakoids (membranous sacs)
Endosymbiosis
Prokaryotic cells incorporated in eukaryotic cells a long time ago
Chromoplasts
Contain pigments; sometimes helps with photosynthesis
