cellular resp main concepts

Question 1

Explain the role of electron carriers of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration

Answer 1

Electron carriers in cellular respiration such as NADH and FADH2 have an important role, they take e from many different stages of cellular respiration… is to donate electrons to the electron transport chain.

Question 2

Distinguish between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 2

Substrate level phosphorylation is direct transfer of a high energy phosphate group whereas oxidative phosphorylation is indirect and is much more efficient it also requires oxygen which substrate level does not and needs atp synthase to work

Question 3

Identify the location of pyruvate oxidation and describe all of the steps

Answer 3

Pyruvate oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix the steps are: before pyruvate can enter the Krebs cycle it needs to be Acetyl CoA, once inside the matrix Co2 is removed NAD+ is reduced and turned into NADH and CoA is added forming acetyl CoA (2C)

Question 4

Identify the location of the Krebs cycle in the cell the reactants and products of the first reaction the number of CO2, NADH, FADH2 and ATP produced per molecule of Acetyl CoA and per molecule of glucose

Answer 4

The mitochondrial matrix
the reactants are Acetyl Coa with oxaloacetate (4C) to produce cytrate (6C)

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP are produced

Question 5

Identify the location of the electron transport chain

Answer 5

The electron transport chain occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 6

Describe how an electrochemical gradient or proton motive force is created during the ETC

Answer 6

An electrochemical gradient is the difference in charge and chemical concentration across a membrane In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from one molecule to another, and energy released in these electron transfers is used to pump H+ ions to the intermembrane space causing their to be a chemical and charge unbalance which can be refered to as an elecrochemical gradient.

Question 7

Explain how the electrochemical gradient leads to the production of atp by chemiosmosis

Answer 7

chemiosmosis: the protons in the intermembrane space diffuse through ATP synthase one at a time which releases free energy to allow for the phosphorylation of ADP producing ATP for every H+ that diffuses back into the matrix.
protein acts as a tiny generator turned by the force of the hydrogen ions diffusing through it, down their electrochemical gradient.

Question 8

Describe the process of glycolysis under the headings of
–site of metabolic pathway
–purpose
–significant steps__ phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation, reduction
-energy changes
-#of NADH produced # of ATP produced (gross and net)

Answer 8

1. the site of this metabolic pathway is the cytoplasm of the cell
2. the purpose of this is to break up glucose into pyruvate so it can enter the krebs cycle and produce atp
   3.
3. gross 4 atp net 2 ATP produced and 2 NADH

Question 9

Describe the process of electron movement in the electron transport chain

Answer 9

NADH is oxidized and two electrons from it are transferred to complex 1 this releases free energy which is used to pump a proton into the intermembrane space the electrons continue to move through the chain until they reach the final electron acceptor (1/2 O2) the 1/2 O2 combines with the 2H+ forming H20

Question 10

Identify the location of alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation in the cell and describe both processes and their importance what are the reactants and products of each process

Answer 10

lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation both occur in the cytoplasm
their equations are
Alcoholic
pyruvate+NADH—>CO2+ethanol+NAD+
lactate
pyruvate+NADH—>lactate+NAD+
the significance of these processes are to recycle NAD+

Question 11

Define Lactate and lactic acid threshold and oxygen debt. How is the oxygen debt diminished or repaid

Answer 11

When oxygen is limited, the body temporarily converts pyruvate into a substance called lactate
oxygen debt is the overall debt accumulated during exercise that has to be replenished after the physical activity, the amount of oxygen required to remove the lactic acid, and replace the body’s reserves of oxygen, is called the oxygen debt.
lactic acid can only be removed with oxygen that is why you breathe deeper and your heart beats faster to make up for lost oxygen
Lactate threshold is defined as the intensity of exercise at which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood at a faster rate than it can be removed.