biology exam Flashcards
waht are the effects of epenephrine and norepenephrine
They are the short term flight/fight hormones that are released when the body is under extreme stress. During stress, much of the body’s energy is used to combat imminent danger.
increases blood glucose, blood pressure, breathing rate, metabolic rate, alertness, decreased excretory digestive and reproductive system
function of cholesterol in cell membrane
the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane helps phospholipids stay together and contributes to membrane fluidity
what are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism
weight loss due to an increased metaboism and a rapid or irregular heartbeat. protrusion of eyeballs insomnia trembling hands
endocrine hormones produced by the pancreas and what they regulate
insulin- liver and body cells, increase glucose uptake through the cell membranes (lowers blood glucose) forms glycogen and proteins and fats
glucagon- liver and body cells decreases glucose uptake through cell membrane (raises blood sugar) breaks down glycogen proteins and fats
control of hormones being released by the anterior petuitary gland
not sure lol
secondary and tertiary structure
in secondary structure of a protein there is bending and folding of a a polypeptide backbone due to hydrogen bonding to form repeated patterns alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
in tertiary structure the secondary structure folds over themselves due to interactions between the side chains (r groups) of amino acids types of r group interactions are ionic covalent
what are the requirements for the calvin cycle to occur
the calvin cycle requires CO2 rubisco rubp atp and nadph
define homeostasis
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal state that persists despite changes in the world outside. All living organisms, from plants to puppies to people, must regulate their internal environment to process energy and ultimately survive.
what are all the components of homeostatic control systems
a system in homeostasis needs a sensor/monitors which detect changes
a coordinating centre which fixes the set point and tells effector if something is above or below
effectors make changes called the response which returns the condition to the desired set point
and finally feedback control which is either negative or positive
why is negative feedback important for homeostasis
negative feedback is important for homeostasis because it brings the body back to the original state or set point, positive feedback is the opposite it brings the body further away from steady state for example breast feeding or child birth
temperature control mechanisms
sweating panting shivering etc
define hormone endocrine gland and target organ
a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action
Endocrine glands help control many body functions, including growth and development, metabolism, and fertility. Some examples of endocrine glands are the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands
A tissue or organ upon which a hormone exerts its action; generally, a tissue or organ with appropriate receptors for a hormone.
describe how blood sugars levels are regulated when blood sugar level is high or low under normal (non-stressful conditions)
when the blood sugar level is high then the beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood making body cells take up more glucose the liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen which causes blood glucose leves to decline
however when the blood sugar level is low then alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon the liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose
explain how blood calcium levels are controlled by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are high and by the parathyroid gland when blood calcium levels are low
blood calcum levels are controlled by the thyroid gland and when the blood calcum level decreases the parathyroid gland releases PTH which stimuates the calcum uptake in the kidneys which activates vitamin d which increases the uptake of calcuim in the kidneys
it also stimulates calcum release in the bones which causes calcium levels to rise
explain the regulation and function of the thyroid hormones t3 and t4 thyroxine
the hypothalmus produces TReleasing Hormone which goes to the anterior petuitary which releases TSH which goes to the thyroid which produces T3 and T4 adn when they build up they inhibit the anterior petuitary they regulate your bodys metabolism and temperature and heart rate
