Cellular pathology

Question 1

irreversible cell injury

Answer 1

apoptosis & necrosis

Question 2

atrophy

Answer 2

smaller cell

Question 3

hypertrophy

Answer 3

larger cell, poor replication ability

Question 4

hyperplasia

Answer 4

increased number of cells

Question 5

metaplasia

Answer 5

change of one mature cell type to another

Question 6

clinical correlation to atrophy

Answer 6

Phthisis bulbi/atrophia bulbi

Question 7

clinical correlation to hypertrophy

Answer 7

CHRPE

Question 8

clinical correlation to hyperplasia

Answer 8

hyperplasia of iris pigment cells

Question 9

clinical correlation to metaplasia

Answer 9

cornea keratinization from lack of vit A

Question 10

apoptosis factors

Answer 10

p53, BH3, BAX, & BAK

Question 11

types of necrosis and location

Answer 11

Coagulative: kidney, heart, liver
liquefactive: CNS
caseous: lungs (tuberculosis)
fat: pancreas, breast tissue
fibrinoid: arterial walls

Question 12

methods of oxidative damage/stress

Answer 12

lipid peroxidation
cross-linking proteins
DNA damage

Question 13

mechanisms of cellular injury

Answer 13

calcium influx: causes increased enzymes
increased membrane permeability: involved cytochrome c

Question 14

examples of cellular injury

Answer 14

hypoxic: no oxygen
ischemia: no nutrients or oxygen

Question 15

which is worse, hypoxia or ischemia

Answer 15

ischemia

Question 16

dystrophic calcification

Answer 16

-calcium levels in blood are normal
-organ dysfunction
-damaged heart valves

Question 17

metastatic calcification

Answer 17

hypercalcemia: high blood calcium

Question 18

calcification in the retinal artery branch is

Answer 18

ocular calcium emboli