Cells and Organs of the Immune System

Question 1

Define hemopoiesis.

Answer 1

process of blood production

Question 2

List the cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity.

Answer 2

Innate immunity
1. granulocytes
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
2. macrophage
- dendritic cell
3. mast cell
4. natural killer cell

Adaptive immunity
1. B lymphocytes
2. T lymphocytes

Question 3

Where do all red and white blood cells develop from during hematopoiesis?

Answer 3

Pluripotent HSC

Question 4

CMPs stand for what and are develop which 4 cells?

Answer 4

CMPs: common myeloid progenitors
1. Erythrocytes
2. Granulocytes
3. Monocytes
4. Megakaryocytes

Question 5

List the 4 types of granulocytes and their function.

Answer 5

1. Neutrophils: first responder, blow up from fighting infection
2. Eosinophils: antiviral activity, basophil degranulation
3. Basophils: regulation of inflammation
4. Mast cells: smooth muscle activation

Question 6

Are granulocytes innate or adaptive immunity?

Answer 6

innnate

Question 7

Why do eosinophils stain pink?

Answer 7

They are acidic

Question 8

What is the difference between basophils and mast cells?

Answer 8

• Basophils are within the circulation
• Mast cells are in tissues

Question 9

What granulocyte is basic and stains dark blue?

Answer 9

basophils

Question 10

Which 2 cells derived from monocytes are specialized for phagocytosis?

Answer 10

1. macrophages
2. dendritic cells

Question 11

Describe the characteristics of macrophages.

Answer 11

1. present antigens (APCs) to T-cells, clear pathogens through phagocytosis
   - clean up/repair damaged tissue
   - tissue specific

Question 12

Describe the characteristics of dendritic cells.

Answer 12

1. capture antigen, migrate out of tissue, present antigen to T-cells
   - most potent antigen presenting cells (APCs)

Question 13

What are the 3 major activities of antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

Answer 13

1. secrete proteins that attract and activate immune cells
2. Internalize pathogen, digest protein to peptides, present antigen on MHC
3. regulate genes required for activation of T-cells

Question 14

HSCs give rise to which two types of cells?

Answer 14

1. common myeloid progenitor cells
2. common lymphoid progenitor cells

Question 15

Do granulocytes respond to intracellular or extracellular pathogens?

Answer 15

extracellular (ex: bacteria, parasitic worms)

Question 16

Macrophages and dendritic cells activate which cells?

Answer 16

T-cells

Question 17

T/F. Macrophages are found in all tissues.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Which main cells develop from common lymphoid cells?

Answer 18

1. B lymphocytes
2. T lymphocytes
3. Natural Killer cells

Question 19

What do T lymphocytes carry on their surface besides TCRs?

Answer 19

CD molecules: functional proteins

Question 20

Where do B-cells mature and what do they express on their surface?

Answer 20

• mature in bone marrow
• express BCR (antibodies) on surface

Question 21

What do activated B-cells differentiate into and secrete?

Answer 21

• plasma cells
• secrete antibodies

Question 22

Where do T-cells mature and what do they express on their surface?

Answer 22

• mature in thymus
• express TCR on surface

Question 23

What are the two major cell types of T lymphocytes and their function?

Answer 23

1. T helper cells (Th): help other immune cells
   - Th1
   -Th2
   - Th17
   - Treg
   - Tfh
2. Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs): recognize antigen and eradicate cell pathogen, intracellular

Question 24

List the T-cells and their appropriate receptors.

Answer 24

Th cell = CD4 molecule
Tc cell = CD8 molecule

Question 25

B-cells and T-cells are (______) while NK cells are (_____). A. innate; adaptive B. adaptive; innate

Answer 25

B. adaptive; innate

Question 26

Where do CD4 and CD8 bind to?

Answer 26

MHC molecules

Question 27

What kind of antigen does BCR recognize?

Answer 27

- immunoglobulin (antibody) recognizes soluble or particulate antigen

Question 28

What kind of antigen does TCR recognize?

Answer 28

- recognizes only processed pieces of antigen bound to MHC molecules

Question 29

List the T-cells with their respective recognition antigen coreceptor and MHC class.

Answer 29

1. Helper T-cell - CD4 - MHC class II 2. Cytotoxic cells - CD8 - MHC class I

Question 30

Where do B-cells mature?

Answer 30

bone marrow

Question 31

Stromal cells differentiate into which two types of cells?

Answer 31

1. myeloid 2. lymphoid

Question 32

Where do T-cells mature?

Answer 32

thymus

Question 33

What is positive and negative selection for TCR binding with MHC peptide?

Answer 33

Positive: TCR recognizes peptides (antigens) MHC Negative: TCR recognizes our own peptide

Question 34

What occurs at secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 34

Adaptive immune response is initiated via dendritic cells - APCs activate adaptive immunity - clonal expansion - differentiate into effector cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, Tfh)

Question 35

What are the 3 secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 35

1. draining lymph nodes 2. spleen 3. mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Question 36

In the draining lymph nodes where do the following travel/are found? 1. Antigen 2. Naive lymphocytes 3. T-cells 4. B-cells 5. Macrophages/Dendritic cells

Answer 36

1. Antigen: afferently travels from affected tissue to the cortex 2. Naive lymphocytes: enter cortex vis HEVs from blood 3. T-cells: found in paracortex 4. B-cells: organized in follicle 5. Macrophages/Dendritic cells: found in medulla

Question 37

What is the purpose of draining lymph nodes for immune response?

Answer 37

Organize immune response for antigens to enter through tissues

Question 38

B-cells need help from (______) to become plasma cells. A. macrophages B. dendritic cells C. BCRs D. T-cells

Answer 38

D. T-cells

Question 39

Which secondary organ is the first line of defense against blood-borne pathogens? A. draining lymph nodes B. spleen C. mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Answer 39

B. spleen

Question 40

What cells are the red pulp and white pulp of the spleen consisted of?

Answer 40

Red pulp - red blood cells White pulp - marginal zone (antigen presenting cells) - PALS (T-cells zone) *Arteries* - B-cells because they want to dump antibodies they produced

Question 41

MALT is an important layer of defense against which tissues?

Answer 41

- mucosal and epithelial

Question 42

What associated lymphoid tissues do the following stand for? - MALT - GALT - BALT - NALT - SALT

Answer 42

- MALT: mucosal - GALT: gut - BALT: bronchial - NALT: nasal - SALT: skin

Question 43

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 43

- Bone marrow - Thymus