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Science > Cells And Control > Flashcards

Cells And Control Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

A series of steps that the cell has to undergo in order to divide

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2
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells, each with identical sets of chromosomes to the parent cell

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3
Q

What is cell division by mitosis important for?

A

Growth and development

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4
Q

Why is mitosis a vital part of asexual reproduction?

A

Type of reproduction that only involves one organism, so to produce offspring it simply replicates its own cells

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5
Q

What are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
  5. Cytokinesis
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6
Q

What is interphase?

A

The longest stage of the cell cycle that involves cell growth

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7
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A linear DNA molecule tightly coiled around proteins

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8
Q

Outline prophase

A

-DNA condenses, chromosomes become visible
-nuclear membrane disappears

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9
Q

Outline metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along the cell equator

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10
Q

Outline anaphase

A

-spindle fibres attach to each chromosome

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11
Q

Outline telophase.

A

-Nucleus of the cell divides
-New membrane forms around each set if chromosomes

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12
Q

What does cytokines involve?

A

-division of the cell membrane and cytoplasm
-two genetically identical ‘daughter’ cells produced

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13
Q

What is cancer?

A

-non-communicable
-uncontrolled cell division results in the formation of a primary tumour

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14
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells that can differentiate into a range of different cell types

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15
Q

What does differentiation mean?

A

The process by which stem cells become specialised ( have a specific function)

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16
Q

Why is cell differentiation important?

A

Enables the formation of specialised tissue with specific functions

17
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Stem cells that can differentiate into a limited range of cell types

18
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

Meristems

19
Q

Where is meristem tissue found?

A

In regions of the plant when cells are continuously dividing

20
Q

What are the benefits of using stem cells in medicine?

A
  • treat damage or disease
  • used in scientific research
  • growing organs for transplants
21
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

22
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain

23
Q

Whats is the function of the nervous system?

A

Allows an organism to rapidly react to environmental and internal changes

24
Q

What are neurones?

A

Nerve cells adapted to quickly transmit nerve impulses

25
Q

What’s the function of a sensory neurone?

A

Carries impulses from receptors to the CNS

26
Q

What’s the function of a motor neurone?

A

Carries impulses from the central nervous system to effectors

27
Q

What’s the function of a relay neurone?

A

Carries impulses from sensory neurones to motor neurones within the CNS

28
Q

How does the CNS coordinates a response to a stimulus?

A

Stimulus -> sensory receptor detects stimulus-> sensory receptor sends impulses along the sensory neurons to CNS -> CNS coordinates response -> CNS sends information to effector along motor neuron -> effector produces a response to the stimulus

29
Q

What’s a synapse?

A

Small gap between neurones which a nerve impulse is transmitted via neurotransmitters

30
Q

What’s the reflex arc?

A

Stimulus -> sensory receptor-> sensory neurone -> relay neurone -> motor neurone -> effector -> response

31
Q

What’s the function of the cornea?

A

Refracts light entering the eye

32
Q

What’s the structure and function of the iris?

A
  • pigmented ring of circular & radial muscles
  • controls the side of ou ou, to alter how much light enters the eye
33
Q

What’s the pupil?

A

Hole in the iris centre that allows light rays to enter the eye

34
Q

What’s the function of the retina?

A

Convers light energy into neural signals which are sent to the brain via the optic nerve

35
Q

What’s the function of the optic nerve?

A

It transmits nerve impulses to the brain from the retina

36
Q

Why is the iris reflex important?

A

Prevents bright light from damaging the retina

Science (21 decks)

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