Cells Flashcards
Name all the organelles in a cell
Vesicles Nucleolus Nucleus Golgi apparatus Cell membrane Cytoplasm Ribosome Centriole Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cytoskeleton Secretory vesicles Mitochondria Microtubule network
Define ultrastructure
Features which can be seen using an electron microscope
Define hydrolysis
Splitting up using water ( a chemical reaction)
Define compartmentalisation
Each organelle provides a compartment with the ideal conditions for a specific set of chemical reactions. Membranes are selectively permeable and control the movement of substances in/out of cells/organelles
What’s the function of a nucleus?
- Contains coded genetic information in DNA
- directs synthesis of proteins
- controls the metabolism
(Overall it controls the cell)
What’s the structure of the nucleus?
- DNA is contained within double membrane called nuclear envelope
- contains nuclear pores –> allows molecules to move in and out of the nucleus
- DNA associates with histones to make chromatin which condenses to make chromosomes
What’s the function of the nucleolus
An area within the nucleus which produces ribosomes
What’s the function of mitochondria?
Where the final stages of cellular respiration happens. The energy stored in the bonds of complex, organic molecules is made available for the cell to use by the production of the molecule ATP. Very active cells have lots of mitochondria
What’s the structure of mitochondria?
- double membrane
- inner membrane is highly folded to form cristae and the matrix.
- membrane forming the cristae contains the enzymes used in aerobic respiration.
- contain a small amount of DNA and they produce their own enzymes and reproduce themselves.
What’s the structure and function of lysosomes
- Membrane sacs that consist of a single membrane with fluid inside
- Contain hydrolytic enzymes
What’s the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage
What’s the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Has ribosomes bound to the surface and is responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins.
What’s the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis which then repairs damage or directs chemical reactions.
What’s the structure of ribosomes?
- not surrounded by a membrane
- Constructed of RNA molecules made in the nucleolus of the cell
What’s the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies proteins and packages them into vesicles
poststation
What are the functions of proteins and give examples
enzymes - protease transport - haemoglobin (in red blood cells) movement - muscles (actin and myosin) cell recognition - antigens channels - membrane proteins structure - collagen and keratin hormones - insulin protection - antibodies
What’s the function of the cell wall?
- give a plant cell shape
- supports the plant as a whole
- defense mechanism against pathogens
What’s the structure of the cell wall?
- made of cellulose
- freely permeable so substances can pass in an out of the cell
What’s the function of a vacuole?
maintenance of turgor –> contents of the cell push against the cell wall and maintain a rigid framework for the cell.
- Contains cell sap, which stores sugars and salts for the cell
- membrane called the tonoplast –> selectively permeable
whats the function of chloroplasts?
photosynthesis
whats the structure of chloroplasts?
- found in cells of the green parts of the plant
- double membrane structure
- fluid enclosed in the chloroplast is called stoma
- they have an internal network of membranes which form flattened sacs called thylakoids
what’s the function of the cytoskeleton
shapes and strengthens the cell
keeps organelles in position
movement of the actual cell
movement of organelles within the cell
Do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a nucleus?
prokaryotic: no
eukaryotic: yes
Do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have DNA?
prokaryotic: yes - circular
eukaryotic: yes - linear
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells organise DNA ?
prokaryotic: proteins fold and condense DNA
eukaryotic: associated with proteins called histones
Do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have extra chromosomal DNA?
prokaryotic: circular DNA called plasmids
eukaryotic: only present in certain organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria
Do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have organelles?
prokaryotic: non-membrane bound
eukaryotic: both membrane bound and non-membrane bound
Do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a cell wall?
prokaryotic: yes made of peptidoglycan
eukaryotic: yes - chitin in funghi, cellulose in plants but not present in animals
Do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes?
prokaryotic: yes smaller (70s)
eukaryotic: yes larger (80s)
Do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton?
prokaryotic: yes
eukaryotic: yes, more complex
What type of reproduction do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have?
prokaryotic: binary fission
eukaryotic: asexual or sexual
What cell type are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic: unicellular
eukaryotic: unicellular and multicellular
Do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a cell-surface membrane?
prokaryotic: yep
eukaryotic: yep
cell without nucleus
enucleated cell
organs
groups of different tissues that are organised in a particular structure to enable a certain function to be carried out
