Cell structure (U2) Flashcards
Cell Theory
Schleiden and Schwann - The cell is the building block of all living organisms
Rudolph Virchow - Cells come from pre-existing cells
Prokaryotic Cells
-No Nucleus
-Pilus, cell wall, capsule, plasma membrane, nucleoid (DNA), cytoplasm, ribosomes, and flagellum
Monera Kingdom
Eukaryotic Cells
- Have nucleus, internal membranes, and other organelles. Each organelle carries out certain functions
- Includes animal, plant, protists, and fungi cells
Animal Cell VS Plant cell
-Plant cells have chloroplast, a cell wall, and larger vacuoles
Chloroplasts: Cell Wall; Vacuoles
- Where energy is made is plant cells, contain chlorophyll, rather large double membrane-bound structures
- Cell wall composed of fats and cellulose, surround cell-membrane adding protection
- Used for storage or degrade unwanted substances
Animal Cell
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qwJ8PEm7Bh9bMcK3IoHU0X6Xz2Oq4hPjX8A-4KyT0nM/edit?usp=sharing
Nucleus, Nucleolus, Chromatin
- Control center (Brain of cell); Nuclear Envelope surrounds; Contains Chromatin
- Dark Region in nucleoplasm; where RNA is produced/Stored; Involved in interactions between Nucleus and cytoplasm
- Hereditary material, condenses to chromosomes during cell division; Protein and DNA
Chromosomes
-Condensed Chromatin; contains hereditary information, typical human cell has 46 chromosomes, sex cells have 23
Cytoplasm; Cell membrane
- Can change from solid to liquid state, contains and supports all cell organelles
- Proteins and phospholipids, Acts as skin; selectively permeable;
Smooth ER; Rough ER
- System of flattened tubes, sacs, or canals; Produces lipids and moves them throughout cell; Small pieces can break off (blebbling) creating vesicles (Helps to detoxify drugs and poisons in liver cells)
- Like SER but has ribosomes attached (hence Rough)
Golgi Body (Apparatus)
-Stack of 6+ flattened sacs; one side receives protein-filled vesicles, sorts proteins and packages them in vesicles on otherside; Manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping
Vacuoles; Vesicles; Lysosomes
- Storage for water, nutrients, and wastes
- Small Vacuole, made from golgi body/in-folding cell membrane
- Special Vacuole made from golgi body, contains powerful hydrolytic enzymes; digests substances that enter the cell, and unneeded organelles
Ribosomes
-rRNA and protein subunits; site for protein synthesis; found in cytoplasm or on RER; Several ribosomes in a line producing the same protein is a POLYRIBOSOME
Mitochondria
Burns Glucose to create ATP - Cellular Respiration (uses oxygen gives of carbon dioxide) (C6H12O + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy) Powerhouse - Their inner membranes loop back and forth through the inner fluid (matrix) increases surface area and produces shelf-like structures called cristae
Cytoskeleton; Cilia; Flagella
- internal structure to maintain cell shape, anchor organelles (Microfilaments; microtubes)
- Short, hair-like structure; used for locomotion with many unicellular organisms
- Like cilia but longer
Cell membrane structure; Fluid Mosaic model
- Early theory; protiens sandwiched between 2 layers of phospholipids
- Accepted theory; double layer of phospholipids but proteins are scattered throughout membrane; have polar and non-polar regions
Impermeable; Permeable; semi permeable; Selectively permeable
- Nothing passes through
- most things pass through
- Smaller molecules not larger
- only certain molecules pass through
Diffusion
Moves from high to low concentration area until even. No membrane, carrier, or ATP required
Osmosis
water moves from high to low concentration across membrane; No energy in form of ATP or carrier required
Hypertonic Solution, Hypotonic Solutions, Isotonic Solutions, and Tonicity
- greatest amount of solute
- Least amount of solute
- Equal amount of solute
- refers to concentration of solute in a solution
Facilitated Transport (passive)
Moves across membrane from high to low solute with carrier molecule. No energy in form of ATP required
Active Transport
moves from low to high solute across membrane with aid of protein carrier and energy in form of ATP
Factors that affect diffusion
Surface Area; Volume Temperature (High=faster) Surface area (larger=faster) Concentration gradient (higher=faster) Size of particles (smaller=faster) Diffusion Medium (Solid=Slow;Liquid=Faster;Gas=fastest)
Endocytosis; Phagocytosis; Pinocytosis; Exocytosis
- Large materials enter the cell
- a whole cell, bacteria or cell fragment are taken in (cell eating)
- Smaller molecules are taken in (liquid) (cell drinking)
- Products/waste exit cell (opposite of enocytosis
