Cell structure (U2)

Question 1

Cell Theory

Answer 1

Schleiden and Schwann - The cell is the building block of all living organisms
Rudolph Virchow - Cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 2

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 2

-No Nucleus
-Pilus, cell wall, capsule, plasma membrane, nucleoid (DNA), cytoplasm, ribosomes, and flagellum
Monera Kingdom

Question 3

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 3

• Have nucleus, internal membranes, and other organelles. Each organelle carries out certain functions
• Includes animal, plant, protists, and fungi cells

Question 4

Animal Cell VS Plant cell

Answer 4

-Plant cells have chloroplast, a cell wall, and larger vacuoles

Question 5

Chloroplasts: Cell Wall; Vacuoles

Answer 5

• Where energy is made is plant cells, contain chlorophyll, rather large double membrane-bound structures
• Cell wall composed of fats and cellulose, surround cell-membrane adding protection
• Used for storage or degrade unwanted substances

Question 6

Animal Cell

Answer 6

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qwJ8PEm7Bh9bMcK3IoHU0X6Xz2Oq4hPjX8A-4KyT0nM/edit?usp=sharing

Question 7

Nucleus, Nucleolus, Chromatin

Answer 7

• Control center (Brain of cell); Nuclear Envelope surrounds; Contains Chromatin
• Dark Region in nucleoplasm; where RNA is produced/Stored; Involved in interactions between Nucleus and cytoplasm
• Hereditary material, condenses to chromosomes during cell division; Protein and DNA

Question 8

Chromosomes

Answer 8

-Condensed Chromatin; contains hereditary information, typical human cell has 46 chromosomes, sex cells have 23

Question 9

Cytoplasm; Cell membrane

Answer 9

• Can change from solid to liquid state, contains and supports all cell organelles
• Proteins and phospholipids, Acts as skin; selectively permeable;

Question 10

Smooth ER; Rough ER

Answer 10

• System of flattened tubes, sacs, or canals; Produces lipids and moves them throughout cell; Small pieces can break off (blebbling) creating vesicles (Helps to detoxify drugs and poisons in liver cells)
• Like SER but has ribosomes attached (hence Rough)

Question 11

Golgi Body (Apparatus)

Answer 11

-Stack of 6+ flattened sacs; one side receives protein-filled vesicles, sorts proteins and packages them in vesicles on otherside; Manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping

Question 12

Vacuoles; Vesicles; Lysosomes

Answer 12

• Storage for water, nutrients, and wastes
• Small Vacuole, made from golgi body/in-folding cell membrane
• Special Vacuole made from golgi body, contains powerful hydrolytic enzymes; digests substances that enter the cell, and unneeded organelles

Question 13

Ribosomes

Answer 13

-rRNA and protein subunits; site for protein synthesis; found in cytoplasm or on RER; Several ribosomes in a line producing the same protein is a POLYRIBOSOME

Question 14

Mitochondria

Answer 14

Burns Glucose to create ATP - Cellular Respiration (uses oxygen gives of carbon dioxide) (C6H12O + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy) Powerhouse - Their inner membranes loop back and forth through the inner fluid (matrix) increases surface area and produces shelf-like structures called cristae

Question 15

Cytoskeleton; Cilia; Flagella

Answer 15

• internal structure to maintain cell shape, anchor organelles (Microfilaments; microtubes)
• Short, hair-like structure; used for locomotion with many unicellular organisms
• Like cilia but longer

Question 16

Cell membrane structure; Fluid Mosaic model

Answer 16

• Early theory; protiens sandwiched between 2 layers of phospholipids
• Accepted theory; double layer of phospholipids but proteins are scattered throughout membrane; have polar and non-polar regions

Question 17

Impermeable; Permeable; semi permeable; Selectively permeable

Answer 17

• Nothing passes through
• most things pass through
• Smaller molecules not larger
• only certain molecules pass through

Question 18

Diffusion

Answer 18

Moves from high to low concentration area until even. No membrane, carrier, or ATP required

Question 19

Osmosis

Answer 19

water moves from high to low concentration across membrane; No energy in form of ATP or carrier required

Question 20

Hypertonic Solution, Hypotonic Solutions, Isotonic Solutions, and Tonicity

Answer 20

• greatest amount of solute
• Least amount of solute
• Equal amount of solute
• refers to concentration of solute in a solution

Question 21

Facilitated Transport (passive)

Answer 21

Moves across membrane from high to low solute with carrier molecule. No energy in form of ATP required

Question 22

Active Transport

Answer 22

moves from low to high solute across membrane with aid of protein carrier and energy in form of ATP

Question 23

Factors that affect diffusion

Answer 23

Surface Area; Volume
Temperature (High=faster)
Surface area (larger=faster)
Concentration gradient (higher=faster)
Size of particles (smaller=faster)
Diffusion Medium (Solid=Slow;Liquid=Faster;Gas=fastest)

Question 24

Endocytosis; Phagocytosis; Pinocytosis; Exocytosis

Answer 24

• Large materials enter the cell
• a whole cell, bacteria or cell fragment are taken in (cell eating)
• Smaller molecules are taken in (liquid) (cell drinking)
• Products/waste exit cell (opposite of enocytosis