Cell Structure and Functions | Gen Bio / Stem 4 Flashcards
Defined as the basic unit of life, because, like the total organism, the [ ] exhibits the basic characteristics of life.
Cell
Two types of Cell
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic = Pro - [ ] , Karyon [ ]
Before & Nucleus
Eukaryotic = Eu - [ ] , Karyon [ ]
True & Nucleus
(Prokaryotes)
Nucleus-like, a genetic material that is not surrounded by nuclear membrane.)
Nucleoid
A chromosome of a prokaryotic cell is [ ] and [ ].
single and circular
Membrane bound organelles of a prokaryotic cell is [ ].
Absent
In prokaryotic cell, division occurs through the process of [ ].
Binary Fission
The cell wall of a prokaryotic cell is made up of [ ] + [ ] or (Peptidoglycan).
Polysaccharides + Amino Acids
TRUE or FALSE
All prokaryotes are bacteria.
TRUE
A eukaryotic cells’ [ ] is a genetic material surrounded by nuclear membrane.
True Nucleus / Nucleus
Acts like the ‘skin’ of the cell and it is semi-permeable.
Cell Membrane
(both present in plant and animal cell.)
It regulates the passage of nutrients, wastes, product, and secretions into in and out of the cell.
Cell Membrane
Semi-fluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix where most of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur.
Cytoplasm
It is where the organelles are suspended.
Cytoplasm
It is a fluid present in the cell membrane.
Cytosol
is a cell component present inside the cell membrane.
Cytoplasm
Intra-cellular fluid that is present inside the cells.
Cytosol
Composed of mainly water, dissolved ions, large water soluble molecules, smaller minute molecules and proteins.
Cytosol
All the metabolic chemical reactions of prokaryotes take place.
Cytosol
Part of the cell which is contained within the entire cell membrane.
Cytoplasm
Composed mainly of 80% water, nucleic acids, enzymes, and lipids.
Cytoplasm
Large scale cellular activities including the glycolysis, cell division, and other metabolic paths.
Cytoplasm
Controls the function of the entire cell hence the, “command center” of the cell.
Nucleus
It keeps the DNA safe from the metabolic process that might damage it.
Nucleus
Holes in the nuclear envelope that serves as a passageway for rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) and mRNA.
Nuclear Pore
Responsible for producing rRNA, therefore they produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes.
Nucleolus
This part of the cell packages DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis, and serve as a mechanism to control expression. It is suspended in the nucleoplasm and it is not condensed.
Chromatin
Its primary function is to program as a suspension substance for the organelles inside the nucleus.
Nucleoplasm
The nucleus stores chromatin (DNA plus proteins) in a gel-like substance called the [ ].
Nucleoplasm
TRUE or FALSE
The nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Nuclear pores allow substances to enter and exit the nucleus.
TRUE
It directs the synthesis of ribosomes.
Nucleus
Ribosomes are specialized cell organelles and are found only in eukaryotic cells.
FALSE - Ribosomes are specialized cell organelles and are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
It is a complex molecular machine found inside the living cells that produce proteins from amino acids during a process called protein synthesis or translation.
Ribosomes
It is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.
Ribosomes
The [ ] reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.
Ribosomes
Consists mainly of rRNA and protein held together by mRNA.
Ribosomes
It is a double layer that encloses the cell’s nucleus, where the chromosomes reside.
Nuclear Envelope / Nuclear Membrane
Plays an important role in the protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
TRUE or FALSE
An array of small holes or pores in the nuclear membrane permits the selective passage of certain materials, such as nucleic acids and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
The access to the nucleus is regulated by pores that are selective in the proteins and other materials that can enter.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
The purpose of the Nuclear Membrane is to protect the genetic material in the cell and to separate it from substances and chemical reactions that occur in the cytoplasm.
TRUE
What is the unit of sediment coefficient in Ribosomes?
Svedberg Unit
Convoluted system of membranes that are interconnected.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What are the two types of ER?
Smooth and Rough ER
The functions of this organelle includes folding of protein molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to Golgi apparatus.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
This type of ER synthesizes protein and enzymes.
Rough ER
This type of ER produces lipids and is responsible for detoxification.
Smooth ER
TRUE or FALSE
Only the Rough ER needs to transport the proteins they produced to the Golgi body.
FALSE - Both ERs need to transport the proteins they produced to the Golgi Apparatus
This organelle functions as a manufacturing and packaging system.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
TRUE or FALSE
Cells that synthesize and release a lot of proteins would need a large amount of ER.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Rough ER is called rough because it has ribosomes attached to its surface.
TRUE
The double membranes of smooth and rough ER form sacs called [ ].
Cisternae
Protein molecules are synthesized and collected in the [ ].
Cisternal Space
When enough proteins have been synthesized, they collect and are pinched off in [ ]. The [ ] often move to the Golgi apparatus for additional protein packaging and distribution.
Vesicles
[ ] acts as a storage organelle. It is important in the creation and storage of lipids and steroids.
Smooth ER
The [ ] is also attached to the nuclear envelope that surrounds the nucleus.
Rough ER
What is the process of protein synthesis?
The process of protein synthesis starts when mRNA moves from the nucleus to a ribosome on the surface of the RER. As the ribosome builds the amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the cisternal space of the RER. When the proteins are complete, they collect and the RER pinches off a vesicle. That vesicle, a small membrane bubble, can move to the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus. Some of the proteins will be used in the cell and some will be sent out into intercellular space.
It is a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
Named after its discoverer, Camillo Golgi, the [ ] appears as a series of stacked membranes.
Golgi Body
One of the functions of this organelle is to make new vesicles out of the existing membrane of the said organelle and put into those vesicles the glycoproteins and other substances that are made in the Golgi network.
Golgi Body
“packaging plants” of the cell
Golgi Body
A series of flattened, membranous sacs.
Golgi Body
It is the space in Golgi complex.
Lumen
This enzyme codes and sorts proteins.
Golgi Enzyme
This phase in Golgi complex is the creation of vesicles.
Cis Phase
This phase in Golgi complex is the sorting of proteins.
Medial Phase
This phase in Golgi complex is the delivery of the Golgi product to the cell membrane.
Trans Phase
Small vesicles that originate in the Golgi complex.
Lysosomes
Contains ‘lysozyme’ that breaks down foreign material (outside of the cell); it also breaks down a deteriorating cell in a process called autolysis.
Lysosome
‘suicide bag’ of the cell since it engulfs the deteriorating cells.
- kyla keim 2k23
Lysosome
This organelle breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and poisons such as alcohol.
Peroxisome
These organelles contain enzymes that convert the hydrogen peroxide to water, rendering the potentially toxic substance safe for release back into the cell.
Peroxisome
A membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, the primary function of which is to generate large quantities of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate.
Mitochondria
“Energy factories” of eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondria
In addition to producing energy, [ ] store calcium for cell signaling activities, generate heat, and mediate cell growth and death.
Mitochondria
Based on this theory, the organelle mitochondria and chloroplasts are supposedly the early prokaryotic endosymbionts that had been taken in. They stayed inside the host cell for so long that they transitioned into those semi-autonomous organelles we know today.
Endosymbiotic Theory
Network of interconnected protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cell and their organelles.
Cytoskeleton
These are membrane-bound cellular structures distinct only in eukaryotic cells.
Organelles
Double membrane organelle specialized for photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
Oval or disk-shaped plastid that contains chlorophyll that absorbs light and energy.
Chloroplast
[ ] consists of thylakoid membranes where we can see the chlorophyll.
Thylakoid
A series of stacked thylakoids.
Granum
The fluid suspended in a plant cell.
Stroma
It is the large, central part of a plant cell that stores amino acids, sugars, ions, wastes, and toxins.
Vacuole
What kind of pressure in the vacuole keeps the plant cell plump and firm?
Fluid pressure
An extracellular matrix that is made up of polysaccharide and fibrous proteins.
Cell Wall
Have sufficient tensile strength to withstand internal osmotic pressure.
Cell Wall
In a plant cell, it is a protein and glycan in a polysaccharide.
Peptin
A layer that prevents water from entering and keeps the water inside.
Waxy Layer
[ ] connects a cell directly to other cells to its environment. It is through [ ] that cells can send and receive substances.
Cell Junctions
