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G12 - S2 | 1st SEM > Cell Structure and Functions | Gen Bio / Stem 4 > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Functions | Gen Bio / Stem 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Defined as the basic unit of life, because, like the total organism, the [ ] exhibits the basic characteristics of life.

A

Cell

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2
Q

Two types of Cell

A

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

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3
Q

Prokaryotic = Pro - [ ] , Karyon [ ]

A

Before & Nucleus

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4
Q

Eukaryotic = Eu - [ ] , Karyon [ ]

A

True & Nucleus

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5
Q

(Prokaryotes)

Nucleus-like, a genetic material that is not surrounded by nuclear membrane.)

A

Nucleoid

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6
Q

A chromosome of a prokaryotic cell is [ ] and [ ].

A

single and circular

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7
Q

Membrane bound organelles of a prokaryotic cell is [ ].

A

Absent

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8
Q

In prokaryotic cell, division occurs through the process of [ ].

A

Binary Fission

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9
Q

The cell wall of a prokaryotic cell is made up of [ ] + [ ] or (Peptidoglycan).

A

Polysaccharides + Amino Acids

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10
Q

TRUE or FALSE

All prokaryotes are bacteria.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

A eukaryotic cells’ [ ] is a genetic material surrounded by nuclear membrane.

A

True Nucleus / Nucleus

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12
Q

Acts like the ‘skin’ of the cell and it is semi-permeable.

A

Cell Membrane

(both present in plant and animal cell.)

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13
Q

It regulates the passage of nutrients, wastes, product, and secretions into in and out of the cell.

A

Cell Membrane

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14
Q

Semi-fluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix where most of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur.

A

Cytoplasm

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15
Q

It is where the organelles are suspended.

A

Cytoplasm

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16
Q

It is a fluid present in the cell membrane.

A

Cytosol

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17
Q

is a cell component present inside the cell membrane.

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

Intra-cellular fluid that is present inside the cells.

A

Cytosol

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19
Q

Composed of mainly water, dissolved ions, large water soluble molecules, smaller minute molecules and proteins.

A

Cytosol

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20
Q

All the metabolic chemical reactions of prokaryotes take place.

A

Cytosol

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21
Q

Part of the cell which is contained within the entire cell membrane.

A

Cytoplasm

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22
Q

Composed mainly of 80% water, nucleic acids, enzymes, and lipids.

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

Large scale cellular activities including the glycolysis, cell division, and other metabolic paths.

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

Controls the function of the entire cell hence the, “command center” of the cell.

A

Nucleus

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25
Q

It keeps the DNA safe from the metabolic process that might damage it.

A

Nucleus

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26
Q

Holes in the nuclear envelope that serves as a passageway for rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) and mRNA.

A

Nuclear Pore

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27
Q

Responsible for producing rRNA, therefore they produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes.

A

Nucleolus

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28
Q

This part of the cell packages DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis, and serve as a mechanism to control expression. It is suspended in the nucleoplasm and it is not condensed.

A

Chromatin

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29
Q

Its primary function is to program as a suspension substance for the organelles inside the nucleus.

A

Nucleoplasm

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30
Q

The nucleus stores chromatin (DNA plus proteins) in a gel-like substance called the [ ].

A

Nucleoplasm

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31
Q

TRUE or FALSE

The nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

TRUE

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32
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Nuclear pores allow substances to enter and exit the nucleus.

A

TRUE

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33
Q

It directs the synthesis of ribosomes.

A

Nucleus

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34
Q

Ribosomes are specialized cell organelles and are found only in eukaryotic cells.

A

FALSE - Ribosomes are specialized cell organelles and are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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35
Q

It is a complex molecular machine found inside the living cells that produce proteins from amino acids during a process called protein synthesis or translation.

A

Ribosomes

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36
Q

It is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

A

Ribosomes

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37
Q

The [ ] reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.

A

Ribosomes

38
Q

Consists mainly of rRNA and protein held together by mRNA.

A

Ribosomes

39
Q

It is a double layer that encloses the cell’s nucleus, where the chromosomes reside.

A

Nuclear Envelope / Nuclear Membrane

40
Q

Plays an important role in the protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

41
Q

TRUE or FALSE

An array of small holes or pores in the nuclear membrane permits the selective passage of certain materials, such as nucleic acids and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

A

TRUE

42
Q

TRUE or FALSE

The access to the nucleus is regulated by pores that are selective in the proteins and other materials that can enter.

A

TRUE

43
Q

TRUE or FALSE

The purpose of the Nuclear Membrane is to protect the genetic material in the cell and to separate it from substances and chemical reactions that occur in the cytoplasm.

A

TRUE

44
Q

What is the unit of sediment coefficient in Ribosomes?

A

Svedberg Unit

45
Q

Convoluted system of membranes that are interconnected.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

46
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A

Smooth and Rough ER

47
Q

The functions of this organelle includes folding of protein molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to Golgi apparatus.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

48
Q

This type of ER synthesizes protein and enzymes.

A

Rough ER

49
Q

This type of ER produces lipids and is responsible for detoxification.

A

Smooth ER

50
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Only the Rough ER needs to transport the proteins they produced to the Golgi body.

A

FALSE - Both ERs need to transport the proteins they produced to the Golgi Apparatus

51
Q

This organelle functions as a manufacturing and packaging system.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

52
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Cells that synthesize and release a lot of proteins would need a large amount of ER.

A

TRUE

53
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Rough ER is called rough because it has ribosomes attached to its surface.

A

TRUE

53
Q

The double membranes of smooth and rough ER form sacs called [ ].

A

Cisternae

53
Q

Protein molecules are synthesized and collected in the [ ].

A

Cisternal Space

54
Q

When enough proteins have been synthesized, they collect and are pinched off in [ ]. The [ ] often move to the Golgi apparatus for additional protein packaging and distribution.

A

Vesicles

55
Q

[ ] acts as a storage organelle. It is important in the creation and storage of lipids and steroids.

A

Smooth ER

56
Q

The [ ] is also attached to the nuclear envelope that surrounds the nucleus.

A

Rough ER

57
Q

What is the process of protein synthesis?

A

The process of protein synthesis starts when mRNA moves from the nucleus to a ribosome on the surface of the RER. As the ribosome builds the amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the cisternal space of the RER. When the proteins are complete, they collect and the RER pinches off a vesicle. That vesicle, a small membrane bubble, can move to the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus. Some of the proteins will be used in the cell and some will be sent out into intercellular space.

58
Q

It is a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.

A

Golgi Apparatus

59
Q

Named after its discoverer, Camillo Golgi, the [ ] appears as a series of stacked membranes.

A

Golgi Body

60
Q

One of the functions of this organelle is to make new vesicles out of the existing membrane of the said organelle and put into those vesicles the glycoproteins and other substances that are made in the Golgi network.

A

Golgi Body

61
Q

“packaging plants” of the cell

A

Golgi Body

62
Q

A series of flattened, membranous sacs.

A

Golgi Body

63
Q

It is the space in Golgi complex.

A

Lumen

64
Q

This enzyme codes and sorts proteins.

A

Golgi Enzyme

65
Q

This phase in Golgi complex is the creation of vesicles.

A

Cis Phase

66
Q

This phase in Golgi complex is the sorting of proteins.

A

Medial Phase

67
Q

This phase in Golgi complex is the delivery of the Golgi product to the cell membrane.

A

Trans Phase

68
Q

Small vesicles that originate in the Golgi complex.

A

Lysosomes

69
Q

Contains ‘lysozyme’ that breaks down foreign material (outside of the cell); it also breaks down a deteriorating cell in a process called autolysis.

A

Lysosome

70
Q

‘suicide bag’ of the cell since it engulfs the deteriorating cells.

  • kyla keim 2k23
A

Lysosome

71
Q

This organelle breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and poisons such as alcohol.

A

Peroxisome

72
Q

These organelles contain enzymes that convert the hydrogen peroxide to water, rendering the potentially toxic substance safe for release back into the cell.

A

Peroxisome

73
Q

A membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, the primary function of which is to generate large quantities of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate.

A

Mitochondria

74
Q

“Energy factories” of eukaryotic cells.

A

Mitochondria

75
Q

In addition to producing energy, [ ] store calcium for cell signaling activities, generate heat, and mediate cell growth and death.

A

Mitochondria

76
Q

Based on this theory, the organelle mitochondria and chloroplasts are supposedly the early prokaryotic endosymbionts that had been taken in. They stayed inside the host cell for so long that they transitioned into those semi-autonomous organelles we know today.

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

77
Q

Network of interconnected protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cell and their organelles.

A

Cytoskeleton

78
Q

These are membrane-bound cellular structures distinct only in eukaryotic cells.

A

Organelles

79
Q

Double membrane organelle specialized for photosynthesis.

A

Chloroplast

80
Q

Oval or disk-shaped plastid that contains chlorophyll that absorbs light and energy.

A

Chloroplast

81
Q

[ ] consists of thylakoid membranes where we can see the chlorophyll.

A

Thylakoid

82
Q

A series of stacked thylakoids.

A

Granum

83
Q

The fluid suspended in a plant cell.

A

Stroma

84
Q

It is the large, central part of a plant cell that stores amino acids, sugars, ions, wastes, and toxins.

A

Vacuole

85
Q

What kind of pressure in the vacuole keeps the plant cell plump and firm?

A

Fluid pressure

86
Q

An extracellular matrix that is made up of polysaccharide and fibrous proteins.

A

Cell Wall

87
Q

Have sufficient tensile strength to withstand internal osmotic pressure.

A

Cell Wall

88
Q

In a plant cell, it is a protein and glycan in a polysaccharide.

A

Peptin

89
Q

A layer that prevents water from entering and keeps the water inside.

A

Waxy Layer

90
Q

[ ] connects a cell directly to other cells to its environment. It is through [ ] that cells can send and receive substances.

A

Cell Junctions

G12 - S2 | 1st SEM (12 decks)

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