Cell Structure

Question 1

What are the differences between plant and animal cells?

Answer 1

1. Plant has cell wall
2. Plant has chloroplast
3. Plants have larger vacuole
4. Animals have round cells, plants have rectangular

Question 2

Define organelle

Answer 2

An internal functioning structure that is located in the cytosol of the cell

Question 3

Define nucleus

Answer 3

The control center of the cell ( has instructions which dictate what happens in the cell)
*stores most of the DNA of the cell (hereditary information)

Question 4

Compare chromosomes and chromatin

Answer 4

Chromosomes are chromatin that have been coiled and became shorter and thicker

Question 5

Define chromatin

Answer 5

Long, stringy, uncoiled DNA which is not visible under a microscope

Question 6

What is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 6

The nuclear membrane made of two phospholipid bilayers, the outer layer being connected with the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 7

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

Answer 7

Nuclear pores (opening) are present to allow transportation in and out of the nucleus

Question 8

Define nucleolus

Answer 8

A dense region inside the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled

Question 9

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 9

Make protein in the cytoplasm

Question 10

Define cytoplasm

Answer 10

Fluid inside the cell which contains liquid and organelles

Question 11

Define cytosol

Answer 11

Fluid outside of the nucleus

Question 12

What happens to the ribosomes once they are made in the nucleolus?

Answer 12

They are exported through pores into the cytoplasm

Question 13

What are the two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 13

Rough and smooth

Question 14

What proteins are present in the rough ER?

Answer 14

Proteins that are not enzymes (hormones etc)

Question 15

What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?

Answer 15

Rough ER has ribosomes on the surface

Question 16

What do ribosomes do with proteins?

Answer 16

Insert them into channels (inside rough ER)

Question 17

What happens after proteins are inserted into the RER?

Answer 17

They are taken to the SER and/or the golgi

Question 18

What determines where a protein goes after the channel?

Answer 18

Its function

Question 19

What happens in the SER?

Answer 19

1. The proteins that come from the RER are turned into enzymes where they catalyze the formation of lipids in a cell (dehydration synthesis of lipids)
2. These enzymes breakdown fats, carbs, drugs, toxins (hydrolysis)

Question 20

Define vesicles

Answer 20

Tiny sacs that transport material within or outside the cell

Question 21

What are the three functions of vesicles?

Answer 21

1. Transport proteins
2. Contains digestive enzymes (breaks things down using hydrolysis)
3. Store materials

Question 22

Where do proteins from the golgi go?

Answer 22

To the blood to be transported

Question 23

Define peroxisomes

Answer 23

Vesicles that digest fatty acids

Question 24

Define lysosomes

Answer 24

Vesicles which contain powerful digestive enzymes that breakdown wastes and old cell components
- the cleaner

Question 25

Define vacuole

Answer 25

A type of vesicle that carries liquid waste or stores water and minerals - animals have many small ones while plant cells have one central vacuole

Question 26

What’s the function of Golgi body?

Answer 26

Receives proteins and ships them out -Proteins from the RER are modified (sugars and/or phosphates added)

Question 27

What happens to the proteins once modified by Golgi body?

Answer 27

Inserted into the membrane fused with lysosomes to be exported

Question 28

Mitochondria function

Answer 28

Carry out metabolic reactions that require oxygen

Question 29

What do the reactions in the mitochondria produce?

Answer 29

ATP

Question 30

What is ATP

Answer 30

An energy carrying molecule that stores energy from food

Question 31

Define cristae

Answer 31

Folds of the inner membrane that provides greater surface area for reactions

Question 32

Function of chloroplast

Answer 32

Carry out process of photosynthesis

Question 33

What are reactants and products of photosynthesis?

Answer 33

Carbon dioxide and water are reactants and glucose and oxygen are products

Question 34

What is found in the chloroplast?

Answer 34

Chlorophyll- green pigment in plants

Question 35

What are grana?

Answer 35

Stacks of disks

Question 36

What are thylakoids?

Answer 36

Stacked disks (third membrane)

Question 37

What is special about the cytoskeleton of white blood cells?

Answer 37

They have a modified cytoskeleton to allow movement to attack foreign invaders

Question 38

What would happen without the cytoskeleton?

Answer 38

The cell would be flattened by gravity (organelles would sink to bottom)

Question 39

Cytoskeleton functions

Answer 39

Provide cell structure (maintain shape of the cell) Aid cell division Hold organelles in place Aid in cell development

Question 40

What are spindle fibers a component of?

Answer 40

The cytoskeleton

Question 41

What are the fibers that make up the cytoskeletons?

Answer 41

Proteins

Question 42

Define cell wall

Answer 42

Outer protective layer in plant cells

Question 43

What does the cell wall cover?

Answer 43

The plasma membrane

Question 44

What is the cell wall made of and what is its function?

Answer 44

It is made of cellulose fibres and aids in structural support

Question 45

Define central vacuole

Answer 45

Stores water and minerals functions in structural support

Question 46

What two components work together for cell support?

Answer 46

Water in the central vacuole works with the cell wall

Question 47

How do vacuoles and cell wall work together for support?

Answer 47

When the vacuole is filled with water it pushes against the walls and makes it stiff.