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SBI4U- Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

Cellular energy and building material

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2
Q

What is the monomer of carbs? What are they used for?

A

Monosaccharide- used as building blocks for disaccharides and polysaccharides

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3
Q

Define monosaccharide

A

Simple carbohydrates- Single molecules also called “simple sugars”

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4
Q

What elements are carbs composed of? In what ratio?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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5
Q

Are carbs polar or non polar?

A

Polar- they readily dissolve in water

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6
Q

What groups do carbs contain?

A
  • hydroxyl group on each carbon except one

- carbonyl group on the one carbon

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7
Q

What are the three monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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8
Q

Which monosaccharides have aldehydes?

A

Glucose and galactose

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9
Q

Which monosaccharide has a ketone?

A

Fructose

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10
Q

What are the two types of monosaccharides?

A

Aldose and ketose

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11
Q

Define aldose and give example

A

Carbonyl group located on the terminal carbon- monosaccharides with aldehyde
Ex. Glucose and galactose

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12
Q

Define ketose and give example

A

Carbonyl group is located on a carbon that is not the end of the chain- monosaccharides with ketone
Ex. Fructose

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13
Q

Which monosaccharides are structural isomers

A

Glucose and fructose

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14
Q

Which monosaccharides are optical isomers?

A

Glucose and galactose

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15
Q

What form do sugars assume in water?

A

Ring form

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16
Q

Define disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides joined together by the condensation reaction

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17
Q

What source of energy do disaccharides provide?

A

Quick energy

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18
Q

What are the three disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

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19
Q

What two monosaccharides produce sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

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20
Q

What two monosaccharides produce lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

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21
Q

What two monosaccharides produce maltose?

A

Two alpha glucoses

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22
Q

What is the covalent bond formed between two monosaccharide monomers?

A

Glycosidic linkage

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23
Q

What is the polymer of a carbohydrate?

A

Polysaccharide

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24
Q

Define polysaccharide

A

Large, complex carbohydrates

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25
Q

Are polysaccharides soluble? Why?

A

No they are not because although they have polar bonds, the molecule is too big for water to surround it.

26
Q

Why are carbohydrates polar?

A

The carbon/ oxygen bonds and the oxygen/ hydrogen bonds

27
Q

define beta glucose

A

when OH is drawn up

28
Q

What is an alpha glucose?

A

When the OH is drawn down

29
Q

What does “tose” mean?

A

sugar

30
Q

How long is “quick energy” in disaccharides?

A

Close to an hour

31
Q

Where is the bond between two monomers in the disaccharides?

A

Bond happens between carbon 1 and carbon 4

* 1-4 alpha

32
Q

What are the four types of polysaccharides?

A

Plant starch, animal starch (glycogen), cellulose, chitin

33
Q

What are plant starches used for?

A

Storage form of energy for plants

34
Q

What are plant starches composed of?

A

Composed entirely of glucose monomers

35
Q

How are plant starches arranged?

A

Long, branched chains of monomers

36
Q

Give two examples of plant starches

A

Amylose and amylopectin

37
Q

Are plant starches digestible?

A

Yes for heterotrophs like us!

38
Q

Purpose of glycogen?

A

short term energy storage for animals- quick energy

39
Q

What type of branches do glucose monomers in glycogen have?

A

Highly branched

40
Q

Where is the energy stored in glycogen?

A

Liver and skeletal muscle (muscle attached to bone)

41
Q

Is glycogen digestible?

A

Yes

42
Q

What do all molecules that are for storage have in common?

A

All insoluble

43
Q

Why does the liver store chained glucose not separate?

A

To make sure it is insoluble so that water will not carry it away and you will not pee it out- waste of energy

44
Q

What does it mean if something is digestible?

A

Breaks the 1-4 glucose bonds

45
Q

What type of glucose chains does cellulose have?

A

Straight unbranched chains

46
Q

What type of polysaccharide is cellulose?

A

Structural polysaccharide

47
Q

Is cellulose digestible?

A

No- only for some bacteria and fungi

48
Q

What is another name for cellulose?

A

Fibre

49
Q

Does cellulose have any nutritional value?

A

No

50
Q

Why do doctors recommend food high in fibre?

A

Unbreakable bonds are used to clean out intestines and remove waste from the body- decrease risk of colon cancer

51
Q

Why is cellulose indigestible for humans?

A

We do not have the enzymes required to break the beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage

52
Q

What type of bonds are formed in cellulose?

A

Beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage

53
Q

What type of bond is formed between starch and glycogen?

A

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage

54
Q

What type of polysaccharide is chitin?

A

Structural

55
Q

What is the purpose of chitin?

A
  • Structural component of cell walls in fungi
  • The exoskeleton of invertebrates (such as insects, crustaceans like crawfish, shrimp etc)
  • Suture material for surgery
  • cell support
56
Q

What is chitin composed of?

A

Glucose monomers that have been modified with a nitrogen- containing side chain on C-2 instead of a hydroxyl group

57
Q

Is chitin digestible?

A

No

58
Q

What is the function of a monosaccharide?

A

energy source, building blocks

59
Q

What is the function of a disaccharide?

A

Energy source

60
Q

What is the function of polysaccharides?

A
  • energy source
  • structural support
  • cell to cell communication

SBI4U- Biochemistry (7 decks)

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