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SBI4U- Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

Cellular energy and building material

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2
Q

What is the monomer of carbs? What are they used for?

A

Monosaccharide- used as building blocks for disaccharides and polysaccharides

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3
Q

Define monosaccharide

A

Simple carbohydrates- Single molecules also called “simple sugars”

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4
Q

What elements are carbs composed of? In what ratio?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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5
Q

Are carbs polar or non polar?

A

Polar- they readily dissolve in water

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6
Q

What groups do carbs contain?

A
  • hydroxyl group on each carbon except one

- carbonyl group on the one carbon

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7
Q

What are the three monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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8
Q

Which monosaccharides have aldehydes?

A

Glucose and galactose

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9
Q

Which monosaccharide has a ketone?

A

Fructose

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10
Q

What are the two types of monosaccharides?

A

Aldose and ketose

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11
Q

Define aldose and give example

A

Carbonyl group located on the terminal carbon- monosaccharides with aldehyde
Ex. Glucose and galactose

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12
Q

Define ketose and give example

A

Carbonyl group is located on a carbon that is not the end of the chain- monosaccharides with ketone
Ex. Fructose

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13
Q

Which monosaccharides are structural isomers

A

Glucose and fructose

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14
Q

Which monosaccharides are optical isomers?

A

Glucose and galactose

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15
Q

What form do sugars assume in water?

A

Ring form

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16
Q

Define disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides joined together by the condensation reaction

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17
Q

What source of energy do disaccharides provide?

A

Quick energy

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18
Q

What are the three disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

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19
Q

What two monosaccharides produce sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

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20
Q

What two monosaccharides produce lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

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21
Q

What two monosaccharides produce maltose?

A

Two alpha glucoses

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22
Q

What is the covalent bond formed between two monosaccharide monomers?

A

Glycosidic linkage

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23
Q

What is the polymer of a carbohydrate?

A

Polysaccharide

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24
Q

Define polysaccharide

A

Large, complex carbohydrates

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25
Are polysaccharides soluble? Why?
No they are not because although they have polar bonds, the molecule is too big for water to surround it.
26
Why are carbohydrates polar?
The carbon/ oxygen bonds and the oxygen/ hydrogen bonds
27
define beta glucose
when OH is drawn up
28
What is an alpha glucose?
When the OH is drawn down
29
What does "tose" mean?
sugar
30
How long is "quick energy" in disaccharides?
Close to an hour
31
Where is the bond between two monomers in the disaccharides?
Bond happens between carbon 1 and carbon 4 | * 1-4 alpha
32
What are the four types of polysaccharides?
Plant starch, animal starch (glycogen), cellulose, chitin
33
What are plant starches used for?
Storage form of energy for plants
34
What are plant starches composed of?
Composed entirely of glucose monomers
35
How are plant starches arranged?
Long, branched chains of monomers
36
Give two examples of plant starches
Amylose and amylopectin
37
Are plant starches digestible?
Yes for heterotrophs like us!
38
Purpose of glycogen?
short term energy storage for animals- quick energy
39
What type of branches do glucose monomers in glycogen have?
Highly branched
40
Where is the energy stored in glycogen?
Liver and skeletal muscle (muscle attached to bone)
41
Is glycogen digestible?
Yes
42
What do all molecules that are for storage have in common?
All insoluble
43
Why does the liver store chained glucose not separate?
To make sure it is insoluble so that water will not carry it away and you will not pee it out- waste of energy
44
What does it mean if something is digestible?
Breaks the 1-4 glucose bonds
45
What type of glucose chains does cellulose have?
Straight unbranched chains
46
What type of polysaccharide is cellulose?
Structural polysaccharide
47
Is cellulose digestible?
No- only for some bacteria and fungi
48
What is another name for cellulose?
Fibre
49
Does cellulose have any nutritional value?
No
50
Why do doctors recommend food high in fibre?
Unbreakable bonds are used to clean out intestines and remove waste from the body- decrease risk of colon cancer
51
Why is cellulose indigestible for humans?
We do not have the enzymes required to break the beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage
52
What type of bonds are formed in cellulose?
Beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage
53
What type of bond is formed between starch and glycogen?
Alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage
54
What type of polysaccharide is chitin?
Structural
55
What is the purpose of chitin?
- Structural component of cell walls in fungi - The exoskeleton of invertebrates (such as insects, crustaceans like crawfish, shrimp etc) - Suture material for surgery - cell support
56
What is chitin composed of?
Glucose monomers that have been modified with a nitrogen- containing side chain on C-2 instead of a hydroxyl group
57
Is chitin digestible?
No
58
What is the function of a monosaccharide?
energy source, building blocks
59
What is the function of a disaccharide?
Energy source
60
What is the function of polysaccharides?
- energy source - structural support - cell to cell communication

SBI4U- Biochemistry (7 decks)

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