Cell specialisation and organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

How are erythrocytes adapted in terms
organelle content
shape
size

A

COntent- NO nucleus, increases amount of Hb
Shape- binconcave shape increases SA:V

SIze- Small enough to fit through capillaries
close to body tissues

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2
Q

Neutrophil adaptations in terms of

organelle content

A

Cytoplasm contatins small granules, some of these are lysosomes which contain digestive enzymes to digest bacteria

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3
Q

Sperm cell adaptations in terms
Organelle content
Size

A

Organelle content- acrosomes enzyme helps to penetrate through egg. mitochondria provie ATP for movement of flagella
shape- very small, long and thin to ease movement
singe long flagella helps to properl cell UP

s

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4
Q

Definition of a tissue

A

A collection of cells that are similar to each other, that peform the same function

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5
Q

Definition of organ

A

A collection of tissues working together to perform a particular function

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6
Q

Organ system

A

Number of organs working together to perform and overall life function

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7
Q

why does differentiation in RBC imvolve a change in shape

A

nucleus is lost
cell has lrge SA:V
so more oxygen can be taken in and released more efficiently

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8
Q

How do meristem cells create xylem cells through differemtiation

A

Meristem cells produce cells whose walls become reinforced with deposition of lignin
this kills the contents in the cells, and breaks down the end walls, creating a continuous column

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9
Q

Structure of phloem

A

Phloem consists of sieve tubes and companion cells
CELLS LINE END TO END
SIEVE PLATES FORM BETWEEN THE CELLS
ALLOWING THE MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES
COMPANIONS CELLS ARE METABOLICALLY ACTIVE

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10
Q

Name and state the functions of the 4 main groups of tissue

A

Epithelial tissue- linings and layers
Muscle tissue- contraction, move parts of the body
Nervous tissue- converts stimuli into electrical impulses
connective tissue- holds (connects) structures together, provides support (CARTILAGE, BONE)

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11
Q

How is squamous epithelial tissue adapted for it’s function

A

It’s a thin smooth flat surface, in which fluids can pass easily over

It’s very thin, made of flattened cells, which reduces the diffusion distance

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12
Q

How is the upper epidermis, palisade cells, spongy mesophyll cells and lower epidermis adapted for photosynthesis

A

Upper epidermis is TRANSPARENT lets light through
Palisade cells are CYDRICAL packed with chlorophyll
LARGE vacole means chloroplasts near to cell wall short DD
Spongy mesophyll has lots of air spaces to allow circulation of gases
Lower epidermis contains stomataa whch are opened and closed by guard cells, to allow gases to diffues n and out

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13
Q

How do guard cells cells to open

A

Cell walls of guard cells are made of cellulose
water moves in making them turgid
the 2 guard cells bulge at boh ends , so stomata opens

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14
Q

How is locomotion an example of system co-operation

A

Muscular and skeletal msystems have to work together for movement to take place
NERVOUS SYSTEM instructs muscle system to co-ordinat their actions
Muscles require nurtrients and oxygen supplied by the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
WHich receives them from the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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