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Cell Bio Final > Cell Signaling Part 1 > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

process of converting one type of signal to another type

A

signal transduction

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2
Q

4 types of ways in which cells signal

A
  1. endocrine
  2. paracrine
  3. synaptic
  4. contact-dependent
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3
Q

hormone produced in endocrine glands are secreted into the bloodstream and are distributed widely throughout the body

A

endocrine

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4
Q

paracrine signals are released by cells into the ECF in their neighborhood and act locally

A

paracrine

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5
Q

neuronal signals are transmitted electrically along a nerve cell axon. when this electrical signal reaches the nerve terminal, it causes the release of neurotransmitters onto adjacent target cells.

A

synaptic

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6
Q

a cell-surface-bound signal molecule binds to a receptor protein on a adjacent cell.

A

contact dependent

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7
Q

complexity of receptors is amplified due to

A
  • 1000 of individual receptors within a family
  • multiple transducers
  • second messengers
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8
Q

if a cell is deprived of survival signals most cells undergo

A

suicide (apoptosis)

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9
Q

multiple extracellular signals can produce what different outcomes?

A
  • survive
  • grow and divide
  • differentiate
  • suicide
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10
Q

which cell processes of EC signals occur faster

A

metabolic, secretion, altered protein function (non gene expression)

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11
Q

which cell processes of EC signals occur slowest

A

gene expression and protein synthesis

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12
Q

extracellular signal molecules generally fall into two classes —-

A
  1. (largest) too large/too hydrophilic require a receptor protein
    2 (smaller) hydrophobic
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13
Q

steroid hormones rely on

A

intracellular receptor proteins (hydrophobic)

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14
Q

when activated by hormone binding, they act as transcription regulators in the nucleus

A

nuclear receptor

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15
Q

3 key steps in cell signaling

A
  1. reception
  2. transduction
  3. response
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16
Q

intracellular signaling molecules can (4 steps)

A
  1. relay
  2. amplify
  3. integrate
  4. distribute
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17
Q

mechanism where a signaling pathway can regulate itself

A

feedback regulation

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18
Q

two types of protein switches

A
  1. protein phosphorylation

2. gtp-binding proteins

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19
Q

turn on of protein phosphorylation

A

protein kinase (ATP-ADP) adds the phosphate group

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20
Q

turn off of protein phosphorylation

A

protein phosphatase (removing a phosphate)

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21
Q

two main groups of kinases

A

serine/threonine kinases and tyrosine kinases

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22
Q

activated when GDP is exchanged for GTP

A

GTP binding protein

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23
Q

protein then switched itself off by

A

GTP hydrolysis

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24
Q

the activity of monomeric gtp-binding proteins is controlled by

A

GEF and GAPS

25
Q

promote the exchange of GDP for GTP “on”

A

GEF (guanine exchange factors)

26
Q

stimulate the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP “off”

A

GAPS (GTPase activating proteins)

27
Q

3 main classes of cell-surface receptors

A
  • ion channel coupled
  • g protein could
  • enzyme coupled
28
Q

Change the permeability of the plasma membrane to selected ion, produce and electrical current

A

ion channel coupled receptors

29
Q

Activate membrane bound trimeric GTP-binding proteins that in turn activate an enzyme or an ion channel in the cell membrane that then initiates a signaling cascade

A

g-protein coupled receptors

30
Q

Act as enzymes or associate with enzymes inside the cell, which in turn activate a signaling cascade

A

enzyme-coupled

31
Q

Polypeptide transverses the membrane as seven alpha helixes

A

GPCRs

32
Q

all g proteins have what type of subunits

A

alpha, beta, and gamma

33
Q

How long activation lasts depends on

A

GTPase activity in the alpha subunit

34
Q

g proteins can activate what type of channels

A

ion

35
Q

Ach activates what g protein

A

Gi

36
Q

beta gamma complex opens which channel

A

K+ (slows heart rate)

37
Q

closes the channel

A

hydrolysis in GTP

38
Q

intracellular signaling molecules

A

second messengers

39
Q
  • Small molecules that carry signals into a cell or signal locally within a cell
  • Chemically diverse – include inorganic ions, lipids, gases, and nucleotides
A

second messengers

40
Q

4 types of second messengers

A
  • cyclic nucleotides
  • lipids
  • calcium
  • nitric oxide
41
Q

Used for transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucogen and adrenaline, which themselves do not enter the cell

binds and regulates the function of ion channels and can be involved in immune inflammatory responses

A

cAMP

42
Q

two types of cyclic nucleotides

A

cAMP and cGMP

43
Q

cAMP is formed from ____, that removes ____ phosphate groups, allowing the remaining one to join back on the AMP molecule

A

ATP, two,

44
Q

removal of two phosphates to make the cyclic AMP is catalyzed by what?

A

adenylyl cyclase

45
Q

can inactivate cAMP

A

cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase

46
Q

adrenaline signaling uses what type of protein binding

A

G-protein

47
Q

arenaline signaling process

A

adrenaline binds to G-protein, which activates cAMP, which activates PKA, which results in rapid breakdown of glycogen

48
Q

activation of PKA in an adrenaline response can also activate

A

downstream gene transcription

49
Q

Phospholipase C =

A

Gq

50
Q

Phospholipase C actives 2 signaling pathways

A
  • IP3 and DAG
51
Q

some cell responses mediated by phospholipase C activation

A
  • vasopression—-liver—glycogen breakdown
  • Ach—- pancreas—- sec of amylase
  • Ach—– smooth muscle—-contraction
  • thrombin—–blood platelets—-aggregation
52
Q

three parent lipids that give rise to most lipid 2nd messengers

A
  • PIP2
  • PC
  • Spingolmyelin
53
Q

translocates from the cytosol to the plasma membrane

can regulate gene expression, cell motility, generation of 2nd messengers

A

PKC

54
Q

It is the only second messenger that is controlled by release into and removal from the cytosol. All other are synthesized and metabolized

A

Calcium

55
Q

calcium controls what 4 things

A

synaptic transmission
fertilization
secretion
muscle contraction

56
Q

calcium + calmodulin actives

A

CaM-kinases

57
Q

when CAM kinases are activates calmodulin will

A

wrap around its target protein to activate it

58
Q

diffuses through cytosol and binds to ER to open calcium channels

A

IP3

59
Q

takes calcium ions and adheres to activate PKC

A

DAG

Cell Bio Final (8 decks)

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