Cancer

Question 1

six hallmarks of cancers

Answer 1

1 - resisting cell death
2. sustaining proliferative signaling
3. evading growth suppressors
4. activating invasion and metastasis
5. enabling replicative immortality
6. inducing angiogenesis
(immune system evasion)

Question 2

Mesenchymal cell origin (bone, cartilage, fat)

Answer 2

sarcoma

Question 3

Epithelial cell origin (breast, colon, lung)

Answer 3

carcinoma

Question 4

Secondary lymphoid tissue (mature lymphoid cells)

Answer 4

lymphoma

Question 5

Progenitor lymphoid cells, primary lymphoid tissue

Answer 5

leukemia

Question 6

3 specific alterations in cells that can lead to cancer

Answer 6

• alternations in
  cell proliferation
  damage response
  cell growth

Question 7

cell proliferation

Answer 7

MAPK (ras/raf/mek/erk)

Question 8

damage response

Answer 8

P53

Question 9

cell growth

Answer 9

Akt, mTOR

Question 10

3 requirements for cancer progression

Answer 10

1. deregulated signaling pathways
2. accumulated genetic alterations
3. support from the tumor microenvironment

Question 11

5 different things that can contribute to genetic instability

Answer 11

1. defect in DNA replication
2. defects in DNA repair
3. defects in cell-cycle checkpoint mechanisms
4. mistakes in mitosis
5. abnormal chromosome numbers

Question 12

3 pathways that lead to mutation in cancer

Answer 12

1. mutation in coding sequence
2. gene amplification
3. chromosome rearrangement

Question 13

in order for cancer to occur what needs to be turned off and what need to turned on

Answer 13

off - TSGs

on - oncogenes

Question 14

What’s in a tumor?

7

Answer 14

• CAF
• EC
• PC
• CSC
• CC
  ICs
  Invasion Cancer cell

Question 15

two most commonly mutated genes in human cancer

Answer 15

p53 and pten

Question 16

A normal gene which, when altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer.

Answer 16

proto oncogene

Question 17

a gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell.

Answer 17

oncogene

Question 18

proto oncogene gaining of function

Answer 18

oncogene

Question 19

TSG loss of function

Answer 19

oncogene

Question 20

type of oncogene

Answer 20

RAS

Question 21

which cells really cause cancer?

Answer 21

progenitor/stem cells

Question 22

CSC posses some of the biological properties of normal stem cells

Answer 22

• indefinite self-replication
• asymmetric cell division
• resistance to toxic agents (chemotherapy), in part due to elevated ABC transporter expression

Question 23

properties of cancer stem cells

Answer 23

• self renewal
• resistance to cell death
• differentiation
• resistance to chemo and rad therapy

Question 24

self renewal

Answer 24

tumorigenesis

Question 25

resistance to cell death

Answer 25

tumor progression

Question 26

differentiation

Answer 26

cancer cell heterogeneity

Question 27

resistance to chemo and rad therapy

Answer 27

treatment failure and relapse

Question 28

the spread of a cancer or other disease from one organ or part of the body to another without being directly connected with it

Answer 28

metastatis

Question 29

occurs in development, for example, when gastrulation epithelial cells transition to motile mesenchymal cells.

Answer 29

type 1 emt

Question 30

when secondary epithelial or endothelial cells move to interstitial spaces in wound healing or chronic inflammation, resulting in fibrosis.

Answer 30

type 2 emt

Question 31

occurs when epithelial tumor cells migrate beyond a primary tumor and metastasize

Answer 31

type 3 emt

Question 32

the metastable cell phenotype

Answer 32

epithelial and mesenchymal traits

Question 33

Alterations in WNT Pathway Can Lead to

Answer 33

colon cancer

Question 34

overexertion of b-catenin can lead to

Answer 34

cancer

Question 35

if you have breast cancer it can prefer to spread to

Answer 35

liver lung brain

Question 36

colon cancer spread

Answer 36

liver and lung

Question 37

gastric cancer

Answer 37

stomach and esophagus

Question 38

lung cancer spread

Answer 38

adrenal gland, liver, bone, brain

Question 39

pancreatic cancer spread

Answer 39

lung and liver

Question 40

prostate cancer spread to

Answer 40

bone

Question 41

keeps the Wnt signaling pathway inactive when the cell is not exposed to Wnt

Answer 41

APC protein

Question 42

if apc is not present then there will be a proliferation of

Answer 42

Wnt (causing stem cell cancer)