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Cell Bio Final > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

six hallmarks of cancers

A 
1 - resisting cell death
2. sustaining proliferative signaling
3. evading growth suppressors
4. activating invasion and metastasis
5. enabling replicative immortality
6. inducing angiogenesis
(immune system evasion)
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2
Q

Mesenchymal cell origin (bone, cartilage, fat)

A

sarcoma

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3
Q

Epithelial cell origin (breast, colon, lung)

A

carcinoma

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4
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissue (mature lymphoid cells)

A

lymphoma

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5
Q

Progenitor lymphoid cells, primary lymphoid tissue

A

leukemia

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6
Q

3 specific alterations in cells that can lead to cancer

A
  • alternations in
    cell proliferation
    damage response
    cell growth
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7
Q

cell proliferation

A

MAPK (ras/raf/mek/erk)

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8
Q

damage response

A

P53

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9
Q

cell growth

A

Akt, mTOR

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10
Q

3 requirements for cancer progression

A
  1. deregulated signaling pathways
  2. accumulated genetic alterations
  3. support from the tumor microenvironment
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11
Q

5 different things that can contribute to genetic instability

A
  1. defect in DNA replication
  2. defects in DNA repair
  3. defects in cell-cycle checkpoint mechanisms
  4. mistakes in mitosis
  5. abnormal chromosome numbers
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12
Q

3 pathways that lead to mutation in cancer

A
  1. mutation in coding sequence
  2. gene amplification
  3. chromosome rearrangement
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13
Q

in order for cancer to occur what needs to be turned off and what need to turned on

A

off - TSGs

on - oncogenes

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14
Q

What’s in a tumor?

7

A
  • CAF
  • EC
  • PC
  • CSC
  • CC
    ICs
    Invasion Cancer cell
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15
Q

two most commonly mutated genes in human cancer

A

p53 and pten

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16
Q

A normal gene which, when altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer.

A

proto oncogene

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17
Q

a gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell.

A

oncogene

18
Q

proto oncogene gaining of function

A

oncogene

19
Q

TSG loss of function

A

oncogene

20
Q

type of oncogene

A

RAS

21
Q

which cells really cause cancer?

A

progenitor/stem cells

22
Q

CSC posses some of the biological properties of normal stem cells

A
  • indefinite self-replication
  • asymmetric cell division
  • resistance to toxic agents (chemotherapy), in part due to elevated ABC transporter expression
23
Q

properties of cancer stem cells

A
  • self renewal
  • resistance to cell death
  • differentiation
  • resistance to chemo and rad therapy
24
Q

self renewal

A

tumorigenesis

25
Q

resistance to cell death

A

tumor progression

26
Q

differentiation

A

cancer cell heterogeneity

27
Q

resistance to chemo and rad therapy

A

treatment failure and relapse

28
Q

the spread of a cancer or other disease from one organ or part of the body to another without being directly connected with it

A

metastatis

29
Q

occurs in development, for example, when gastrulation epithelial cells transition to motile mesenchymal cells.

A

type 1 emt

30
Q

when secondary epithelial or endothelial cells move to interstitial spaces in wound healing or chronic inflammation, resulting in fibrosis.

A

type 2 emt

31
Q

occurs when epithelial tumor cells migrate beyond a primary tumor and metastasize

A

type 3 emt

32
Q

the metastable cell phenotype

A

epithelial and mesenchymal traits

33
Q

Alterations in WNT Pathway Can Lead to

A

colon cancer

34
Q

overexertion of b-catenin can lead to

A

cancer

35
Q

if you have breast cancer it can prefer to spread to

A

liver lung brain

36
Q

colon cancer spread

A

liver and lung

37
Q

gastric cancer

A

stomach and esophagus

38
Q

lung cancer spread

A

adrenal gland, liver, bone, brain

39
Q

pancreatic cancer spread

A

lung and liver

40
Q

prostate cancer spread to

A

bone

41
Q

keeps the Wnt signaling pathway inactive when the cell is not exposed to Wnt

A

APC protein

42
Q

if apc is not present then there will be a proliferation of

A

Wnt (causing stem cell cancer)

Cell Bio Final (8 decks)

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