Cancer Flashcards
six hallmarks of cancers
1 - resisting cell death 2. sustaining proliferative signaling 3. evading growth suppressors 4. activating invasion and metastasis 5. enabling replicative immortality 6. inducing angiogenesis (immune system evasion)
Mesenchymal cell origin (bone, cartilage, fat)
sarcoma
Epithelial cell origin (breast, colon, lung)
carcinoma
Secondary lymphoid tissue (mature lymphoid cells)
lymphoma
Progenitor lymphoid cells, primary lymphoid tissue
leukemia
3 specific alterations in cells that can lead to cancer
- alternations in
cell proliferation
damage response
cell growth
cell proliferation
MAPK (ras/raf/mek/erk)
damage response
P53
cell growth
Akt, mTOR
3 requirements for cancer progression
- deregulated signaling pathways
- accumulated genetic alterations
- support from the tumor microenvironment
5 different things that can contribute to genetic instability
- defect in DNA replication
- defects in DNA repair
- defects in cell-cycle checkpoint mechanisms
- mistakes in mitosis
- abnormal chromosome numbers
3 pathways that lead to mutation in cancer
- mutation in coding sequence
- gene amplification
- chromosome rearrangement
in order for cancer to occur what needs to be turned off and what need to turned on
off - TSGs
on - oncogenes
What’s in a tumor?
7
- CAF
- EC
- PC
- CSC
- CC
ICs
Invasion Cancer cell
two most commonly mutated genes in human cancer
p53 and pten
A normal gene which, when altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer.
proto oncogene
a gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell.
oncogene
proto oncogene gaining of function
oncogene
TSG loss of function
oncogene
type of oncogene
RAS
which cells really cause cancer?
progenitor/stem cells
CSC posses some of the biological properties of normal stem cells
- indefinite self-replication
- asymmetric cell division
- resistance to toxic agents (chemotherapy), in part due to elevated ABC transporter expression
properties of cancer stem cells
- self renewal
- resistance to cell death
- differentiation
- resistance to chemo and rad therapy
self renewal
tumorigenesis
resistance to cell death
tumor progression
differentiation
cancer cell heterogeneity
resistance to chemo and rad therapy
treatment failure and relapse
the spread of a cancer or other disease from one organ or part of the body to another without being directly connected with it
metastatis
occurs in development, for example, when gastrulation epithelial cells transition to motile mesenchymal cells.
type 1 emt
when secondary epithelial or endothelial cells move to interstitial spaces in wound healing or chronic inflammation, resulting in fibrosis.
type 2 emt
occurs when epithelial tumor cells migrate beyond a primary tumor and metastasize
type 3 emt
the metastable cell phenotype
epithelial and mesenchymal traits
Alterations in WNT Pathway Can Lead to
colon cancer
overexertion of b-catenin can lead to
cancer
if you have breast cancer it can prefer to spread to
liver lung brain
colon cancer spread
liver and lung
gastric cancer
stomach and esophagus
lung cancer spread
adrenal gland, liver, bone, brain
pancreatic cancer spread
lung and liver
prostate cancer spread to
bone
keeps the Wnt signaling pathway inactive when the cell is not exposed to Wnt
APC protein
if apc is not present then there will be a proliferation of
Wnt (causing stem cell cancer)
