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biology year 12 > cell reproduction, mutations, inheritance > Flashcards

cell reproduction, mutations, inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

3 types of reproduction

A

asexual - binary fission - mitosis sexual - meiosis

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2
Q

binary fission steps

A
  1. single cell 2. bidirectional replication of circular dna - chromosomes replicate - moves to opposite sides and cell grows 3. cell elongates - cleavage furrows form 4. cell splits - 2 identical daughter cells are formed each eith a copy of the genetic material
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3
Q

sexual vs asexual

A

sexual: - 2 parents - fusion or female and male cells - parents and offspring not identical - slower - variation asexual: - 1 parent - no gametes produced - parent and offspring identical - faster - no variation

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4
Q

vegetative propagation

A

plant asexual reproduction runners: side branch that grow along the surface, roots grow down developing new plants eg strawberriers tubers: provide energy and nutrients for regrowth eg potatoes, roots then tuber bulb: short stem with fleshy leaves, onion, onion then roots

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5
Q

variation and types

A

1.independent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis - separation of chromosome pairs at meiosis 2.random mating and fertilisation of gametes - punnet squares - possibly recombinations at fertilization 3.crossing over during meiosis - swap genes from 2 homologous chromosomes - can separate linked genes 4.mutations - changes in gene or chromosome

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6
Q

IPMATC

A

I - dna replication occurs, chromosomes not visible P - nuclear membrane disappears - dna shortens into chromosomes - cell has 2 chromosomes each has double dna - 2 chromatids joined by a centromere M - centrioles move to each pole forming a spindle between them - spindle fibres form - chromosomes line up along equator A - double stranded chromosomes spilt into 2 single chromosomes - single chromosomes move to opposite poles T - 2 new nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes - 2 nuclei are formed C - cell cytoplasm splits - 2 new cells form - each with 2 single chromosomes

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7
Q

steps of mitosis

A

IPMATC

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8
Q

steps of meiosis

A

IPMATC PMATC

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9
Q

fertilization

A
  • fusion of sperm and egg cell - halves the number of chromosomes from 46 to 23 - resulting cell has 46 each (zygote) - sperm and egg = haploid gametes - zygote = diploid - produces genetic variation - 2 parents
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10
Q

mitosis vs meiosis

A

mitosis: - cell division for growth and repair - takes place in somatic cells - one cell division - asexual - daughter cell = diploid - no variation - diversity narrowed - produces tissue culture meiosis: - cell division for producing gametes - takes place in gonads/reproductive organs - 2 cell divisions - daughter cell = haploid - sexual - diversity increased - produces new organisms

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11
Q

continuity of life

A
  • for life to continue genetic information must be transferred to the next generation - location of particular genes on a chromosome is referred to as a locus - in homologous chromosomes corresponding genes found in same locus - alternate forms of the same genes are called alleles
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12
Q

the cell cycle

A
  • sequence of events from one cell division to another - life cycle of cell interphase = G1 phase (cell growth before replication), S phase (synthesis & replication), G2 phase (cell prepares for division) M phase = mitosis, cytokinesis G0 phase - withdrawn from cell cycle, not preparing to replicate - terminally differentiated cells e.g. nerve cell - can enter under certain circumstances checkpoints: first - beginning of interphase, pass if the cell is large enough, sufficient nutrients available second - end of interphase, pass if cell is large enough and replication is successful third - pass if all chromosomes attached to mitotic spindle
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13
Q

non - disjunction

A

chromosome can fail to separate resulting in abnormal numbers of chromosomes in gametes

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14
Q

aneuploidy

A
  • results in abnormal number of sex chromosomes turner syndrome - 1 sex chromosome XO Klinefelter syndrome - 1 extra chromosome XXY trisomy - 1 extra chromosome down - trisomy 21 edward - trisomy 18
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15
Q

mutations

A

change in gene sequence by adding or deleting nucleotides

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16
Q

causes of mutations

A

spontaneous - random - errors in replication or division induced - environment - radiation - poison - diet

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17
Q

location of mutations

A

gametic - in sex cells - affects all cells - inherited somatic - in autosomal cells - harmless or may cause cancer - not inherited

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18
Q

strength of mutations

A

lethal - deadly harmful - non lethal e.g. down syndrome silent - harmless with no noticeable affect beneficial - useful particularly in new environment

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19
Q

gene mutations

A
  • arise when a gene fails to make an exact copy of itself during replication substitution missense: - produces 1 new amino acid - may change function - changes one nucleotide substitution nonsense: - produces a stop codon - early termination of polypeptide chain - short, disfunctional insertion: frame shift - 1 base is inserted - reading frame shifts resulting in new amino acids rom the point of insertion - resulting protein will be different and non-functional deletion: frame shift - 1 base deletion - can reinsert somewhere else, amino acids between these points change - if not reinserted affects all amino acids after - effects depend on how many amino acids were affected
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20
Q

mutagen

A

agent capable of inducing a mutation uv rays

21
Q

chromsome mutations

A

duplication - extra copy is made of a section of chromosome and inserted into the same or another chromosome inversion - breaks in 2 places and then rotates 180 degrees before rejoining - genes neither gained or lost - still function normally deletion - breaks in 2 places, falling out - leads to absence of genes insertion - piece of chromosome is added translocation - section breaks off and reattaches to another chromosome, non - homologous changes in chromosome number - anapolidy : loss / gain f chromosome - polyploidy : loss / gian of chronometer set

22
Q

phenotype variation

A

morphological - variation in shape and structure include internal anatomy biochemical - variation in chemical structure - composition of organisms e.g. proteins, lipids physiological - variation in ways organisms carry out metabolism and maintain their bodily processes behavioral - differences in ways organisms perceive, think and react

23
Q

punnet squares

A
  • tool used to help predict the outcome of genetic crosses - each outcome has equal chances of occurring
24
Q

pedigree

A
  • family tree of genetic history square = male circle = female colored in = affected
25
Q

determine if trait is recessive or dominant (pedigree)

A
  • need to find the triangle - no triangle can’t tell - disease on bottom = recessive - disease on top = dominant
26
Q

inheritance rules

A

autosomal recessive : appears in both sexes equally - tend to skip a generation - e.g. cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia autosomal dominant : appears in both sexes equally - unaffected parents do not transmit the trait X-linked recessive : affects more males - affected fathers never pass to sons but all daughters are carriers

27
Q

allele

A

2 forms of the same gene - dominant - recessive

28
Q

dominant

A
  • stronger - expressed - shown as capital
29
Q

recessive

A
  • allele that is masked - shown as lower case
30
Q

trait

A
  • any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring
31
Q

heredity

A

passing of traits from parent to offspring

32
Q

genetics

A

study of heredity

33
Q

genotype

A

gene combination for trait

34
Q

phenotype

A

physical feature resulting from genotype

35
Q

P generation

A

parental

36
Q

F1

A

first filial offspring of P

37
Q

F2

A

second filial offspring of F2

38
Q

locus

A

specific position of gene on a chromosome

39
Q

carrier

A

carry the trait but don’t express the disorder

40
Q

test cross

A

unknown dominant phenotype is crossed with the homozygous recessive phenotype

  • if homozygous 100% with show dominant phenotype
  • if heterozygous 50% will have dominany phenotype
41
Q

incomplete dominance

A

offspring show a blend of traits red + white = pink

42
Q

codominance

A
  • offspring expresses both traits red + white = red and white
43
Q

sex linkage

A
  • gene on sex chromosome - X linked - males have higher chance of getting it - mutations include colour blinders, muscular dystrophy
44
Q

monogenic

A
  • characteristics determined by 1 pair of genes e.g. Ee
45
Q

polygenic

A
  • more then one gene
  • phenotype shows variation
  • environment also influences phenotype
  • eg weight
46
Q

blood types

A

Type A: AA, AO - donate to A, AB - get from A,O Type B: BB,BO - donate to B, AB - get from B,O Type AB : AB - donate to AB - get from anyone Type O : OO - donate to anyone - get blood demo O (lower case i)

47
Q

multiple alleles

A

more then 2 different forms of the same gene

48
Q

continuous vs discontinuous variation

A

continuous - range of measurements e.g. height discontinuous - certain categories e.g. blood

biology year 12 (23 decks)

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