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biology year 12 > bacteria > Flashcards

bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

bacteria structure

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosome
  • capsule
  • plasmids
  • cell wall
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2
Q

how does bacteria cause disease

A
  • bacteria enters the host
  • bacteria divide / reproduce rapidly via binary fission in the host
  • bacteria damages the body directly by reproducing in the host tissue and directly through the production toxins
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3
Q

virus structure

A
  • very small / microscopic
  • non-cellular
  • capsid
  • nucleic acid
  • viral envelope
  • surface proteins
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4
Q

virus

A
  • non-cellular pathogen that can only reproduce inside a living host
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5
Q

fungus structure

A
  • eukaryotic
  • ribosomes, cytoplasm
  • membrane bound organelle
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6
Q

spore production

A
  • most fungi are able to reproduce sexually and asexually by producing spores
  • spores develop into new organisms without the fusion of gametes
  • when one of these microscopic spores lands in suitable conditions it produces fungi
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7
Q

protist

A

diverse group of eukaryotes that are usually unicellular and live in water

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8
Q

protist structure

A
  • eukaryotic cell
  • unicellular
  • microscopic
  • cilia
  • flagellum
  • cell wall
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9
Q

antigenic drift

A
  • a minor change to a virus, can lead to changes in surface proteins
  • small changes may accumulate and cause a minor change
    eg influenza A and B
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10
Q

antigenic shift

A
  • major change
  • occurs when two viruses cross
  • when the virus mutates they shift to create a new subtype that is different
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11
Q

lytic cycle

A
  1. virus attaches to the cell membrane of the host cell
  2. the virus injects its nucleic acid into the host cell
  3. the viral nucleic acid then takes over the host cell and directs it to make multiple copies of the viral protein coat and nucleic acid
  4. these assemble into new viruses and released when the host cell undergoes lysis
  5. the released viral particles then inject other cells in the host, cell lysis (cell bursts)
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12
Q

mode of transmissions

A
  • direct contact
  • indirect contact
  • vectors
  • soil/water/food transfer
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13
Q

direct contact

A

diseases are spread through direct host to host contact through bodily fluids / sexual transmission

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14
Q

indirect contact

A

can be spread through airborne droplet transmissions where the pathogen is expelled from the respiratory centre by coughing or sneezing

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15
Q

vectors

A

transfer by a living organism the disease can only be spread in areas where the vector is present

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16
Q

soil / water / food transfer

A

transfer through contact with contaminated soil or ingestion of contaminated food or water

17
Q

active immunity

A

natural active: immunity due to suffering from the disease, the ability to manufacture antibodies
artificial active: immunity due to a vaccine

18
Q

passive immunity

A

natural passive : antibodies enter the bloodstream across the placenta or in breastmilk
artificial passive: antibodies are injected into the bloodstream eg when exposed to rabies antibodies are given so that immunity is established immediately

19
Q

endemic

A

a disease that is always is present at predictable levels in a population or region

20
Q

outbreak

A

a sudden unexpected increase in the prevalence of a particular disease in a local area

21
Q

epidemic

A

a sudden increase in the prevalence of a particular disease in a local area

22
Q

pandemic

A

the rapid spread of a particular disease throughout the world, an epidemic that crosses an international border

23
Q

herd immunity

A

the resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease

24
Q

principles of herd immunity

A
  • immunity is usually gained by an artificial vaccine causing the formation of specific antibodies and memory cells abasing a pathogen
  • this limits the spread of the disease as there are too few susceptible hosts. the pathogen population cannot reproduce at a high enough rate to maintain the population
  • infected hosts carrying the pathogen are more likely to come into contact with immune individuals reducing the possibility for transmission
  • the higher the proportion of immune individuals the greater the protection
  • this protects those who cannot be vaccinated such as those with allergies, pregnant women

biology year 12 (23 decks)

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