Cell Physiology Flashcards
Cell division
Mitosis
Mitosis
Once cell divides to create two identical daughter cells
Interphase
DNA replicates
Chromatin/chromosomes
DNA & histones(proteins)/chromatids(2 identical) connected by centromere
Stages of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
Prophase
Chromatin condenses to chromosomes; centrioles separate and form spindle fibers; nuclear envelope disintegrates
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell; spindle fibers attached to centromeres
Anaphase
One chromosome goes to either end of the cell
Telophase
Chromosomes stop moving; un-condense into chromatin; nuclear envelope re forms around chromatin; cytokinesis
Differentiation
The division into specific cells
Passive Transport
Passage of molecules due to a concentration gradient; no atp/energy required
Diffusion
Molecules move down the gradient from area of high concentration to low concentration
Facilitated diffusion
Molecules move down the gradient BUT with help; integral protein channels
Osmosis
Movement of water
Toxicity and osmosis
Isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic
Isotonic
No change in volume
Hypertonic
Less water; cell shrinks
Hypotonic
More water; cell swells and lyses
Active
Movement through the cell membrane; requires energy-ATP
Active transport
Movement up a concentration gradient; large molecules
Na+K+ pump
Pumps sodium/potassium in and out; requires ATP
Resting membrane potential
Na+ and K+ distribution electrical voltage across membrane
Endocytosis
Taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole
Phagocytosis
The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes
