Cell & Organisation Flashcards
What does a cell membrane do?
it controls mouvement of substances in and out of the cell
What is/ describe sperm cell
Function
- reach ovum (egg cell)
- fertilise egg ( new genetic material - zygote )
_________________________
- tail to swim to egg
- lots of mitochondria > energy to move fast
- contains 23 chromosomes
- digestive enzymes to penetrate the egg shell
What is the egg cell
- female sex cell, created/released 1 per month
- joins with sperm to fertilise
- biggest cell in the body
—————————————– - cytoplasm contains nutrients for embryo
- haploid (contains half of DNA) nucleus contains DNA for fertilisation
- Cell membrane stops other sperms from entering after ovule is fertilised
What is red blood cell
Function:
Transport oxygen for aerobic respiration
________________________
Contains :
- haemoglobin ( protein that carries oxygen)
- no nucleus, more space for haemoglobin
- biconcave shape for increased surface area
Which features do all cells have?
(including bacteria and mycelium)
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
What is xylem cell
Function:
transport water and minerals through plants
________________
No inside cell structure so water can flow
What is palisade cell
Function:
to photosynthesise using chloroplasts
________________________
- mostly chloroplasts, which absorb light for photosinthesis
- cell at top of leaf > maximise absorption
- elongated shape for more space > chloroplasts
- elongated columns stacked side by side
What is root hair cell
Function:
- absorb water to plants
- provide support to plant body
- stores food as starch
________________________________
- Vacuole cell sap contains nutrients and helps absorption of water
- cell membrane takes in mineral ions and water from soil
What are the features of an animal cell
- Mitochondria
- endoplasmic reticulum)
- (temporary) vacuoles
- Cytoplasm
- Golgi apparatus
- ribosome
- cell membrane
- nucleus
(meilleure liste d’insultes au monde)
What on earth are chloroplasts?
Contains chlorophyll
absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
What is a ribosome? I wonder?
it synthesises protein
all right, I can live with that
What is a mitochondria?
Place where aerobic respiration takes place + releases energy
What is a cellulose cell wall?
around the cell
protects cell by supporting structures
stops cell from bursting
What is permanent vacuole
(your brain if you don’t study all this juicy stuff)
no seriously, it’s a store place filled with cell sap (salts, sugars, water – no pepper though) to keep the cell turgid
Def. metabolism
Chemical reactions in cells including respiration
What is rough endoplasmic reticulum
Surrounds the nucleus
Contains ribosomes, squigly to maximise surface area, involved in protein synthesis
What is cytoplasm?
Gel-like fluid found in cells where chemical processes take place, and it is made out of mostly water
What is a nucleus (in cell)
Where DNA ( used to make protein) is stored
Why is the rough endoplasmic tissue squiggly?
(if “squiggly” ever was a scientific term)
To maximise surface area for ribosomes and protein synthesis
What is:
- nuclear envelope
- nuclear pore
- rough endoplasmic reticulum
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- ribosome
- protein
- vesicle
- Golgi apparatus
And how do they work together?
1) Genetic material is released out of the nuclear envelope via nuclear pores
2) There, ribosomes synthesise the genetic material into protein chains
3) The ribosomes are located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
4) The protein chains travel to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and enter a vesicle
5) This Vesicle transports the protein chaisn to the Golgi Apparatus
6) The Golgi apparatus gives a shape to the protein chains
7) Another vesicle transports the protein inside or outside of the cell, wherever it is needed
What are the 4 types of basic tissues
Epithelial - lines organes, cells have regular geometrical shapes and obvious nuclei
Nervous - Different neurones allow messages to be carried from and to the brain
Connective - e.g. blood, bone, fat and cartilage. and cottage cheese.
Muscular - cells that can contract and relax to allow movement
Def. cells
- Fundamental blocks of organisms
- carry out tasks that cannot be fulfilled alone
Def. Resolution
To which degree it is possible to distinguish between two objects close together
Def. Magnification
the degree to which size of the image is larger than the object itself
What is the equation for Magnification
Magnification = size of image / actual size of object
1 km = ? m
1 m = ? cm
1 cm = ? mm
1 mm = ? μm
1000
100
10
1000
micrometre
Which unit should you use in Magnification
mm and μm
NOT cm
Def. organs
Groups of tissues working together that perform different specific jobs
What are the levels of organisation in organisms
- organelles
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- organ systems
Def. Organ system -
- organs work together (well, that’s good news!)
- each organ has different jobs, but all aid function of the organ system
Define tissue
a handkerchief
or
- several cells together
- cells have similar structure and function
What is ciliated epithelial cell?
Function :
- helps transport mucus along airways by propelling source (gross!)
- between goblet cells connected by tissue
- microvilli (not micro villains) increase surface area
What are the features of mycelium (fungi)
In Hypha :
- vacuole
- septum
- nucleus
- cell wall
- Golgi apparatus
- mitochondria
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
Name as many features of bacteria as possible
- pili (not pili pili)
- flagellum
- loop of DNA
- plasmid
- glycocalyx
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- cell wall
- ribosomes
What are the features of a plant cell
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
- Golgi apparatus
- cell membrane
- cell wall
- permanent vacuole
- mitochondria
- chloroplast
- ribosome
- endoplasmic reticulum (Bless you!)
What is a neurone cell
Conduct electrical impulses throughout the body
Features:
- Dendrites receive input from axons
- myelinated sheath helps impulses travel fast between nerve cells
