Cell & Organisation

Question 1

What does a cell membrane do?

Answer 1

it controls mouvement of substances in and out of the cell

Question 2

What is/ describe sperm cell

Answer 2

Function
- reach ovum (egg cell)
- fertilise egg ( new genetic material - zygote )
_________________________
- tail to swim to egg
- lots of mitochondria > energy to move fast
- contains 23 chromosomes
- digestive enzymes to penetrate the egg shell

Question 3

What is the egg cell

Answer 3

• female sex cell, created/released 1 per month
• joins with sperm to fertilise
• biggest cell in the body
  —————————————–
• cytoplasm contains nutrients for embryo
• haploid (contains half of DNA) nucleus contains DNA for fertilisation
• Cell membrane stops other sperms from entering after ovule is fertilised

Question 4

What is red blood cell

Answer 4

Function:
Transport oxygen for aerobic respiration
________________________
Contains :
- haemoglobin ( protein that carries oxygen)
- no nucleus, more space for haemoglobin
- biconcave shape for increased surface area

Question 5

Which features do all cells have?
(including bacteria and mycelium)

Answer 5

• cell membrane
• cytoplasm

Question 6

What is xylem cell

Answer 6

Function:
transport water and minerals through plants
________________
No inside cell structure so water can flow

Question 7

What is palisade cell

Answer 7

Function:
to photosynthesise using chloroplasts
________________________
- mostly chloroplasts, which absorb light for photosinthesis
- cell at top of leaf > maximise absorption
- elongated shape for more space > chloroplasts
- elongated columns stacked side by side

Question 8

What is root hair cell

Answer 8

Function:
- absorb water to plants
- provide support to plant body
- stores food as starch
________________________________
- Vacuole cell sap contains nutrients and helps absorption of water
- cell membrane takes in mineral ions and water from soil

Question 9

What are the features of an animal cell

Answer 9

• Mitochondria
• endoplasmic reticulum)
• (temporary) vacuoles
• Cytoplasm
• Golgi apparatus
• ribosome
• cell membrane
• nucleus

(meilleure liste d’insultes au monde)

Question 10

What on earth are chloroplasts?

Answer 10

Contains chlorophyll
absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

Question 11

What is a ribosome? I wonder?

Answer 11

it synthesises protein

all right, I can live with that

Question 12

What is a mitochondria?

Answer 12

Place where aerobic respiration takes place + releases energy

Question 13

What is a cellulose cell wall?

Answer 13

around the cell
protects cell by supporting structures
stops cell from bursting

Question 14

What is permanent vacuole

Answer 14

(your brain if you don’t study all this juicy stuff)

no seriously, it’s a store place filled with cell sap (salts, sugars, water – no pepper though) to keep the cell turgid

Question 15

Def. metabolism

Answer 15

Chemical reactions in cells including respiration

Question 16

What is rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 16

Surrounds the nucleus
Contains ribosomes, squigly to maximise surface area, involved in protein synthesis

Question 17

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 17

Gel-like fluid found in cells where chemical processes take place, and it is made out of mostly water

Question 18

What is a nucleus (in cell)

Answer 18

Where DNA ( used to make protein) is stored

Question 19

Why is the rough endoplasmic tissue squiggly?
(if “squiggly” ever was a scientific term)

Answer 19

To maximise surface area for ribosomes and protein synthesis

Question 20

What is:
- nuclear envelope
- nuclear pore
- rough endoplasmic reticulum
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- ribosome
- protein
- vesicle
- Golgi apparatus
And how do they work together?

Answer 20

1) Genetic material is released out of the nuclear envelope via nuclear pores
2) There, ribosomes synthesise the genetic material into protein chains
3) The ribosomes are located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
4) The protein chains travel to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and enter a vesicle
5) This Vesicle transports the protein chaisn to the Golgi Apparatus
6) The Golgi apparatus gives a shape to the protein chains
7) Another vesicle transports the protein inside or outside of the cell, wherever it is needed

Question 21

What are the 4 types of basic tissues

Answer 21

Epithelial - lines organes, cells have regular geometrical shapes and obvious nuclei
Nervous - Different neurones allow messages to be carried from and to the brain
Connective - e.g. blood, bone, fat and cartilage. and cottage cheese.
Muscular - cells that can contract and relax to allow movement

Question 22

Def. cells

Answer 22

• Fundamental blocks of organisms
• carry out tasks that cannot be fulfilled alone

Question 23

Def. Resolution

Answer 23

To which degree it is possible to distinguish between two objects close together

Question 24

Def. Magnification

Answer 24

the degree to which size of the image is larger than the object itself

Question 25

What is the equation for Magnification

Answer 25

Magnification = size of image / actual size of object

Question 26

1 km = ? m
1 m = ? cm
1 cm = ? mm
1 mm = ? μm

Answer 26

1000
100
10
1000
micrometre

Question 27

Which unit should you use in Magnification

Answer 27

mm and μm
NOT cm

Question 28

Def. organs

Answer 28

Groups of tissues working together that perform different specific jobs

Question 29

What are the levels of organisation in organisms

Answer 29

• organelles
• cells
• tissues
• organs
• organ systems

Question 30

Def. Organ system -

Answer 30

• organs work together (well, that’s good news!)
• each organ has different jobs, but all aid function of the organ system

Question 31

Define tissue

Answer 31

a handkerchief
or
- several cells together
- cells have similar structure and function

Question 32

What is ciliated epithelial cell?

Answer 32

Function :
- helps transport mucus along airways by propelling source (gross!)
- between goblet cells connected by tissue
- microvilli (not micro villains) increase surface area

Question 33

What are the features of mycelium (fungi)

Answer 33

In Hypha :
- vacuole
- septum
- nucleus
- cell wall
- Golgi apparatus
- mitochondria
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm

Question 34

Name as many features of bacteria as possible

Answer 34

• pili (not pili pili)
• flagellum
• loop of DNA
• plasmid
• glycocalyx
• cell membrane
• cytoplasm
• cell wall
• ribosomes

Question 35

What are the features of a plant cell

Answer 35

• cytoplasm
• nucleus
• Golgi apparatus
• cell membrane
• cell wall
• permanent vacuole
• mitochondria
• chloroplast
• ribosome
• endoplasmic reticulum (Bless you!)

Question 36

What is a neurone cell

Answer 36

Conduct electrical impulses throughout the body
Features:
- Dendrites receive input from axons
- myelinated sheath helps impulses travel fast between nerve cells