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biology GCSE > Cell Level Systems > Flashcards

Cell Level Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Magnification

A

How much larger a displayed image is compared with the original object

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2
Q

Resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two points

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3
Q

Why is staining used

A
  • Some specimens are colourless
  • It is useful to highlight different structures
  • It increases contrast
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4
Q

What is the formula to calculate magnification from image size and actual size?

A

What is the formula to calculate magnification from image size and actual size?
(The I AM formula)
Image size = Actual Size x Magnification

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5
Q

Total magnification

A

Total magnification =
Eyepiece magnification x Objective lens
magnification

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6
Q

Light microscope

A

Place the specimen on a slide, cover it with a cover slip, illuminate with a lamp and view using the eyepiece

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7
Q

Parts of animal cell

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes and the cell membrane

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8
Q

Give 3 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A
  • Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus
  • Prokaryotic cells have plasmid loops of
    DNA
  • Prokaryotic cells have no mitochondria
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9
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis

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10
Q

Vacuole

A

Supports the cell, contains cell sap

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11
Q

State 3 organelles only found in plant cells

A
  • Cellulose cell wall
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
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12
Q

What is cell wall in bacteria made up of

A

Peptidoglycan

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13
Q

Advantages of using TEM

A

Very high resolution
Very high magnification
Can see objects up to 2nm apart

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14
Q

Disadvantages of using TEM

A

Very expensive
Need to be serviced
Images in black and white

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15
Q

Advantages if using SEM

A

Faster than TEM
Can have a thicker sample
Less expensive than TEM

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16
Q

Disadvantages of SEM

A

Lower resolution than TEM
Lower Magnification that TEM
Produces a 3D image which is harder to interpret

17
Q

What structures are found in both plant and animal cells

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria

18
Q

What structures are only found in plant cells

A

Cell wall
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts

19
Q

What are multicellular organisms

A

They are organisms that are made up of more than one cell, eg humans

20
Q

What are unicellular organisms?

A

They are organism that only contain one cell

21
Q

How do unicellular organisms survive

A

They have many adaptations
- flagellum
- pili
- slime capsule
- a small loop of dna (different from the bacterial dna in the cytoplam) is stored in the plasmid. It also contains different adaptations that it can give to the organism during times of chemical or osmotic stress

22
Q

How are things organised

A

Cells ——> tissue ——> organ ——> organ system

23
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the genetic material that codes for the function of the cell

24
Q

Cell wall

A

A structure made of a rigid material named cellulose and surrounds the cell to help provide support to it

25
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Absorb The Sunlight needed to fuel photosynthesis and are found only implants

26
Q

Flagellum

A

A small tail like structure found on the outside of the cells that help propel this cell through liquids

27
Q

Pili

A

Small hair like structures found on the outside of the cell and allow it to attach to other sub cellular structures and for genetic information to be passed to and from the cell

28
Q

Mitochondria

A

Mitochondria are small sub cellular structures where cellular respiration takes place. Special protein molecules (enzymes) enable glucose and oxygen to react, this reaction transfers energy to the organism.

29
Q

Cell membrane

A

The cell wall is a large from selective barrier that is used to control what substances entered out of the cells. It is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

30
Q

Plasmid

A

A small ring of DNA that contains the genetic information and is found only in prokaryotic cells. Can also give the cells special abilities that can be used in times of osmotic stress.

31
Q

Slime capsule

A

Slime capsules are found on the side of the cell membrane and are used to protect the cell from poisonous substances and helps stop the cell from drying out

32
Q

What do plant cells and prokaryotes both have that animal cells don’t

A

A cell wall

33
Q

Can both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a flagella and pili

A

Yes, both types of cells have have flagella’s and pilis

34
Q

What is the two differences between plant and prokaryotic cells

A

Plant has dna in nuclues
Plants do not have slime capsules

35
Q

Do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain ribosomes?

A

Yes

biology GCSE (9 decks)

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