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Bio Final > Cell, Endomembrane system, mitochondria, chloroplasts > Flashcards

Cell, Endomembrane system, mitochondria, chloroplasts Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • Live any environment
  • oxidize anything
  • greatest metabolic diversity
  • much smaller than eukaryotes (no nucleus)
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2
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • nucleus

- compartmentalization

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3
Q

Plant cell

A
  • cell wall
  • chloroplasts
  • modified lysosome called vacuole
  • cell wall means they don’t need sodium potassium pumo
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4
Q

Nucleus

A
  • assembled ribosome subunits and mRNA are transported through nuclear pores to cytoplasm
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5
Q

Nuclear proteins

A
  • like transcription factors are brought into nucleus through nuclear pores
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6
Q

Rough ER

A
  • ribosomes attached to outside, they become attached when they start translating a membrane protein. Then the secreted proteins are released into the ER lumen.
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7
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • membrane lipids

- detoxification, usually means oxidation

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8
Q

Golgi

A
  • stack of membranes generated by vesicles coming from ER and fusing cis face, other vesicles budding off trans
  • while the proteins and lipids are in golgi, they are further modified (side chains added, proteins sorted)
  • distribution centre (come from ER and move on to cell membrane)
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9
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • molecules that need to be transported are recognized by receptors and initiate endocytosis
  • budding off vesicle into interior of cell. Now endosome fuses w/ other vesicles carrying special digestive enzymes and proton pumps, until endosome because lysosome w/ low pH where contents are digested and released to cytosol.
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10
Q

Autophagy

A

Self eating

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • powerhouse of the cell
  • space enclosed by inner membrane in matrix
  • citric acid cycle occurs in matrix
  • respiratory enzymes are integral membrane proteins located inner membrane
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12
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • photosynthesis
  • Carbon fixation occurs in stroma
  • space enclosed by inner membrane in chloroplasts
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13
Q

Cristae

A

Maximizes area for inserting membrane proteins

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14
Q

Thylakoids

A
  • in chloroplasts, light reactions of photosynthesis takes place in stacks of membranes called thylakoids
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15
Q

What evidence shows chloroplasts + mitochondria are decendents of bacteria?

A
  • double membrane
  • own genome, w/genes more similar to bacteria genes and own ribosomes similar to bacterial ribosomes
  • unique system for protein + lipids, which may show they evolved separate
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16
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • structural elements important for all shape + movement (actin filaments + microtubules)
17
Q

Actin filaments

A
  • polar w/ plus minus end
  • polymerize and depolymerize from monomers through non-covalent protein-protein interactions
  • responsible for cell shape and changes
18
Q

What do actin filaments and myosin mediate? How does it work?

A
  • muscle contraction
  • cell shape changes
  • cytoplasmic streaming and cytokinesis
  • it works because myosin II forms bipolar complexes w/ myosin heads at opposite ends. They walk towards ends, and it leads with contraction.
19
Q

Microtubules (MT’s)

A
  • component of cytoskeleton
  • bigger, form cylinder of alpha beta tubulin dimers
  • polar w/ plus and minus ends
  • microtubule binding proteins that regulate growth or shrinkage of microtubules
  • vesicles move along MT to destrination and MT move chromosomes during division
20
Q

What are the two different motor proteins?

A
  • Kinesin (one direciton)

- Dynein (other direction)

21
Q

Cilia

A
  • beat back and forth, found of cells lining lungs, remove debris, in oviduct, on single celled oviduct
22
Q

Flagella

A
  • longer, on sperm

- sliding results in bending of cilia or flagella

23
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • no polarity, do not polymerize or depolymerize
  • additional strength to cells (keratin) or nucleus
  • form rope-like structures via coiled coils
24
Q

ECM (extra cellular matrix)

A
  • fills structural roles (tendons in cartilage which consists of collagen (a coiled protein))
25
Q

How do cells attach to environment?

A
  • transmembrane protein integrin binds to ECM via adaptor proteins to actin cytoskeleton
26
Q

Focal adhesions

A
  • adhesion sites found on basal side

- attach muscles to bones, via tendons

27
Q

How can cells be attached to other cells?

A
  • epithelium is sheet of cells
  • has two diff sides
  • apical (towards)
  • basolateral (interior)
28
Q

Tight junction

A
  • seals cells together, preventing passage
29
Q

Gap junctions

A
  • create channels that connect cells in some animal tissues

Bio Final (18 decks)

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