Cell biology

Question 1

Cell contains

Answer 1

Nucleus (DNA)
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Plasma membrane

Question 2

Plasma membranes function

Answer 2

Membran is hydrophobic (extracellular = hydrophilic)

works as a barrier between inside and outside (intra/extra)

Question 3

how does a cell sense its environment?

Answer 3

Signal transduction: is a cascade of events allowing a signal to be transformed into a cellular response

Question 4

How is signal detected?

Answer 4

Signals are detected by receptors, either located in the plasma membrane or inside the cell

Question 5

What kind of signal does a cell sense?

Answer 5

Chemical signals:

• Soluble
• Membrane-bound

Question 6

What’s necessary to transform a signal into a cellular response?

Answer 6

Receptors / Second Messengers / signaling cascades /subcellular compartmentalization /amplification of signals /fine tuning signaling cascade

Question 7

How to achieve specificity in signal detection?

Answer 7

By different types of receptors

Question 8

Receptors are of different types

Answer 8

Ion channels
GPCR
Enzyme-linked receptors
Intracellular receptors

Question 9

The receptor activation can?

Answer 9

Give rise to change in second messengers, eg Ca2+, cAMP/cGMP

Question 10

Second messengers?

Answer 10

Can activate various responses (Phosphorylation or deshospohorylation of proteins)