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Science > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Cell

A

Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.

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2
Q

Cell was first discovered by…

[ Who? When? How? and What cell? ]

A
  • Robert Hooke
  • 1665
  • Self-made Microscope
  • Cork Cell of Bark
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3
Q

Cell is a Latin word for…

[ Meaning in Latin ]

A

A Little room

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4
Q

Who first observed the living cell?

[ Who? When? How? and What cell? ]

A
  • Leeuwenhoek
  • 1674
  • Improved Microscope
  • Free living pond cells
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5
Q

Who discovered the Nucleus?

A

Robert Brown (1831) discovered the nucleus.

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6
Q

Who coined the term Protoplasm?

A

Purkinje (1839) coined the term protoplasm.

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7
Q

The Cell Theory

[ Authors and State the Theory ]

A

Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory. They stated that,

  • All plants and animals are composed of cells.
  • Cell is the basic unit of life.

It was further expanded by Virchow by suggesting that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

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8
Q

Cells have different shapes and size.

[ Why? ]

A

The shape and size of cells are related to the specific function they perform.

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9
Q

Cell Membrane

A
  • Made of - Lipids and Proteins.
  • Selectively Permeable Membrane.
  • Outermost covering of the cell that separates the contents of cell from external environment.
  • Regulates the entry and exit of materials in and out of cell.
  • Prevents the entry of certain substances.
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10
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

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11
Q

Osmosis

A

The net movement of water from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
[OR]
from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

[ MUST - Selectively Permeable Membrane & SOLUTE CONCENTRATION ]

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12
Q

Hypotonic Solution

[ Hypo-potamus ]

A
  • Outside solution has higher water concentration than inside the cell.
  • Cell will swell.
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13
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A
  • Outside solution has lower water concentration than inside the cell.
  • Cell will shrink by water loss.
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14
Q

Isotonic Solution

[ Iso ]

A
  • Medium has exactly the same water concentration as the cell.
  • Cell will stay the same.
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15
Q

Examples of Osmosis

[ Any 2 from book ]

A
  • Unicellular freshwater organisms and most plant cells gain water through osmosis.
  • Absorption of water by plant root.
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16
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • Flexibility of the cell membrane enables the cell to engulf food and other materials from external environment.
  • Done in Amoeba
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17
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • Plant cells.
  • Rigid outer covering.
  • Cellulose in plants - Structural strength.
  • Help plants, fungi and bacteria to withstand very dilute (hypotonic) solutions without bursting.
  • As cell swells, pressure is built-up against the cell wall. The wall exerts equal pressure against the swollen cell.
18
Q

What is the plant cell wall made up of?

A

Cellulose

19
Q

What is the fungal cell wall made up of?

A

Chitin

20
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall made up of?

A

Peptidoglycan

21
Q

Plasmolysis

HINT [ Plasmo - Plasma , Lysis - Breakdown ]

A

When a cell loses water through osmosis there is shrinkage or contraction of the contents of the cell away from the cell wall.

22
Q

Nucleus

[ Structure & Parts ]

A
  • Nuclear Membrane
  • Nuclear Pore
  • Chromatin material ( pre division )
23
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A
  • Double layered covering of nucleus.
  • Has pores which regulate movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
24
Q

Chromatin Material or Chromosomes

A
  • Rod shaped structures.
  • Contains genetic information in the form of DNA.
  • Chromosomes are in the form of entangled threads called chromatin before cell division.
25
Q

Functional segment of DNA

A

Gene

26
Q

Function of Nucleus

A
  • Cellular Division.
  • Regulates life processes of cell by directing chemical activities.
27
Q

Genetic Material of Prokaryotes

[ Region called? ]

A
  • Prokaryotes lack well-defined nuclear region.
  • Nucleic acid is randomly scattered.
  • This region is called Nucleoid.
28
Q

Prokaryotes lack…

A
  • Well defined nuclear region.
  • Double membrane bound organelles
29
Q

Chlorophyll of photosynthetic prokaryotes is associated with _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

A

Membranous vesicles

30
Q

Prokaryotes - Eukaroytes

[ Differentiate Points ]

A
  1. Size
  2. Nuclear Region
  3. Chromosome Number
  4. Membrane-bound Organelles
31
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • The fluid content inside the plasma membrane.
32
Q

Name all cell organelles

[ Give one word to describe function ]

A
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum - Internal transport system
  • Golgi Apparatus - Secretory / Packing Centre
  • Lysosomes - Suicidal bag
  • Mitochondria - Power house
  • Plastids - Color
  • Vacuoles - Storage
  • Ribosomes
33
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulm

[ Internal Transport System ]

A

i. Structure
* Membrane-bound tubes or sheets
* Stacks of them

ii. RER
* Protein manufacture
* has ribosomes

iii. SER
* Lipid manufacture
* Liver cells ( vertebrated) - Drug detox

Proteins and Lipids synthesised are used as,
* Membrane bio genesis
* Enzyme / Hormone

34
Q

Golgi Apparatus

[ Secretory and Packing Centre ]

A

i. Structure
* Membrane bound sacs arranged in stacks (cisterns)
* Hav connection with the ER.

ii. Function
* Storage, modification, packing of products
* Simple to Complex sugars
* Formation of Lysosomes

35
Q

The enzymes of Lysosomes are from…

A

the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulm (RER).

36
Q

Simple from complex substances

A

Lysosomes

37
Q

Two membranes of Mitochondria

A
  • Inner Membrane - Deeply folded to increase area of ATP generation.
  • Outer Membrane - Porous
38
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate is the energy currency of the cell.
  • The body uses energy stored in ATP to make chemical compounds and to do work.
39
Q

Similarities of Mitochondria and Plastid.

A
  • Both have their own DNA and ribosomes to make own proteins
40
Q

Types of Plastids

[ State and write functions ]

A
  • Chromoplast (coloured)
  • Leucoplast (colourless or white) - storage of proteins, fats and starch.
41
Q

Structure of Plastids

A

Numerous membrane layers embedded in a material called stroma.

Science (10 decks)

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