Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of an alkene to an alcohol. What is the name of this reaction? What mechanism occurs? State the conditions required.

Alkene + water Hydration Electrophilic addition H3PO4, steam, heat, pressure or conc. H2SO4, then water Topic: DF

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of an alcohol to an alkene. What is the name of this reaction? State the conditions required.

Alcohol Dehydration, elimination Conc. H2SO4, reflux or Al2O3, heat Topic: WM

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of an alkene to an alkane. What is the name of this reaction? What mechanism occurs? State the conditions required.

Alkene + hydrogen Hydrogenation Electrophilic addition Ni, heat, pressure or Pt, RTP Topic: DF

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of a haloalkane to an alcohol. What mechanism occurs? State the conditions required.

Haloalkane, ethanolic NaOH or haloalkane, H2O Nucleophilic substitution Reflux Topic: OZ

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of an alcohol to a haloalkane. What mechanism occurs? State the conditions required.

Alcohol, halide ion Nucleophilic substitution H2SO4 or HCl Topic: OZ

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of a haloalkane to an amine. What mechanism occurs? State the conditions required.

Haloalkane, conc. NH3(aq) Nucleophilic substitution Heat in sealed tube Topic: OZ

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of a primary alcohol to an aldehyde. What is the name of this reaction? State the conditions required.

Primary alcohol, Cr2O72-/H+(aq) Oxidation, condensation Distil Topics: WM, CD

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid. What is the name of this reaction? State the conditions required.

Aldehyde, Cr2O72-/H+(aq) Oxidation, condensation Reflux Topics: WM, CD

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid. What is the name of this reaction? State the conditions required.

Primary alcohol, Cr2O72-/H+(aq) Oxidation, condensation Reflux Topics: WM, CD

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of a secondary alcohol to a ketone. What is the name of this reaction? State the conditions required.

Secondary alcohol, Cr2O72-/H+(aq) Oxidation, condensation Distil or reflux Topics: WM, CD

What is the name of the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to produce an ester? What mechanism occurs? State the conditions required.

Esterification Nucleophilic substitution Conc. H2SO4 or conc. HCl Topics: WM, PL

What is the name of the reaction between an alcohol and an acid anhydride to produce an ester? What is the other organic product? What mechanism occurs?

Esterification Carboxylic acid Nucleophilic substitution Topics: WM, PL

What is the name of the reaction between a phenol and an acid anhydride to produce an ester? What is the other organic product? What mechanism occurs? State the conditions required.

Esterification Carboxylic acid Nucleophilic substitution Alkali, e.g. NaOH Topics: WM, PL

CD j: Organic synthesis Flashcards by isabella rotheram

Electrophilic substitution
Reduction

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Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of an alkene to an alcohol.
What is the name of this reaction?
What mechanism occurs?
State the conditions required.

Alkene + water
Hydration
Electrophilic addition
H₃PO₄, steam, heat, pressure or conc. H₂SO₄, then water

Topic: DF

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Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of an alcohol to an alkene.
What is the name of this reaction?
State the conditions required.

Alcohol
Dehydration, elimination
Conc. H₂SO₄, reflux or Al₂O₃, heat

Topic: WM

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Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of an alkene to an alkane.
What is the name of this reaction?
What mechanism occurs?
State the conditions required.

Alkene + hydrogen
Hydrogenation
Electrophilic addition
Ni, heat, pressure or Pt, RTP

Topic: DF

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Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of a haloalkane to an alcohol.
What mechanism occurs?
State the conditions required.

Haloalkane, ethanolic NaOH or haloalkane, H₂O
Nucleophilic substitution
Reflux

Topic: OZ

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Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of an alcohol to a haloalkane.
What mechanism occurs?
State the conditions required.

Alcohol, halide ion
Nucleophilic substitution
H₂SO₄ or HCl

Topic: OZ

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Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of a haloalkane to an amine.
What mechanism occurs?
State the conditions required.

Haloalkane, conc. NH₃(aq)
Nucleophilic substitution
Heat in sealed tube

Topic: OZ

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Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of a primary alcohol to an aldehyde.
What is the name of this reaction?
State the conditions required.

Primary alcohol, Cr₂O₇^2-/H⁺(aq)
Oxidation, condensation
Distil

Topics: WM, CD

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Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid.
What is the name of this reaction?
State the conditions required.

Aldehyde, Cr₂O₇^2-/H⁺(aq)
Oxidation, condensation
Reflux

Topics: WM, CD

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Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid.
What is the name of this reaction?
State the conditions required.

Primary alcohol, Cr₂O₇^2-/H⁺(aq)
Oxidation, condensation
Reflux

Topics: WM, CD

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Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of a secondary alcohol to a ketone.
What is the name of this reaction?
State the conditions required.

Secondary alcohol, Cr₂O₇^2-/H⁺(aq)
Oxidation, condensation
Distil or reflux

Topics: WM, CD

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Name the reagent(s) which could be used to esterify:

An alcohol
A phenol

Alcohol: carboxylic acid, acid anhydride, acyl chloride

Phenol: acid anhydride

Topics: WM, PL

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What is the name of the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to produce an ester?
What mechanism occurs?
State the conditions required.

Esterification
Nucleophilic substitution
Conc. H₂SO₄ or conc. HCl

Topics: WM, PL

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What is the name of the reaction between an alcohol and an acid anhydride to produce an ester?
What is the other organic product?
What mechanism occurs?

Esterification
Carboxylic acid
Nucleophilic substitution

Topics: WM, PL

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What is the name of the reaction between a phenol and an acid anhydride to produce an ester?
What is the other organic product?
What mechanism occurs?
State the conditions required.

Esterification
Carboxylic acid
Nucleophilic substitution
Alkali, e.g. NaOH

Topics: WM, PL

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What is the name of the reaction between an alcohol and an acyl chloride to produce an ester?
What mechanism occurs?

Esterification
Nucleophilic substitution

Topics: WM, PL

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of an ester to an alcohol.
Name the other organic product.
What is the name of this reaction?
What mechanism occurs?
State the conditions required.

a) Ester, water or b) ester, NaOH
a) Carboxylic acid or b) carboxylate ion
Ester hydrolysis
Nucleophilic substitution
a) HCl or H₂SO₄ or b) none

Topic: PL

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of an amine to a secondary amide.
What mechanism occurs?

Amine, acyl chloride
Nucleophilic substitution

Topic: PL

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of a diamine to a nylon (polyamide).
What is the name of this reaction?
What mechanism occurs?

Diamine, dicarboxylic acid or diamine, diacyl dichloride
Condensation, substitution
Nucleophilic substitution

Topic: PL

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of a primary amide to a) a carboxylic acid, and b) a carboxylate ion.
Name the other organic product.
What is the name of this reaction?
What mechanism occurs?
State the conditions required.

a) Primary amide, water, HCl or H₂SO₄ or b) primary amide, NaOH
a) Ammonium or b) Ammonia
Hydrolysis
Nucleophilic substitution
Reflux

Topic: PL

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of a secondary amide to a) a carboxylic acid, and b) a carboxylate ion.
Name the other organic product.
What is the name of this reaction?
What mechanism occurs?
State the conditions required.

a) Secondary amide, water, HCl or H₂SO₄ or b) secondary amide, NaOH
a) Amine salt or b) amine
Hydrolysis
Nucleophilic substitution
Reflux

Topic: PL

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of an aldehyde or a ketone to a cyanohydrin.
What mechanism occurs?

Aldehyde or ketone, CN^- (cyanide) ion
Nucleophilic addition

Topic: CD

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of an aromatic amine to a diazonium salt.
What is the name of this reaction?
State the conditions required.

Aromatic amine, NaNO₂ (sodium nitrate(III))
Diazotisation
Aromatic amine dissolved in dilute HCl, temperature below 5^oC

Topic: CD

Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of a diazonium salt to an azo compound.
What is the name of this reaction?
What mechanism occurs?
State the conditions required.

Diazonium salt, coupling agent: phenol or aromatic amine
Coupling
Electrophilic substitution
Solution of diazonium salt should be ice-cold

Topic: CD

* Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of benzene to bromobenzene. * What is the name of this reaction? * What mechanism occurs? * State the conditions required.

* Benzene, bromine * Bromination * Electrophilic substitution * Reflux, FeBr₃ (or form FeBr₃ *in situ* from Fe) ## Footnote *Topic: CD*

* Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of benzene to chlorobenzene. * What is the name of this reaction? * What mechanism occurs? * State the conditions required.

* Benzene, chlorine * Chlorination * Electrophilic substitution * Anhydrous AlCl₃ ## Footnote *Topic: CD*

* Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of benzene to nitrobenzene. * What is the name of this reaction? * What mechanism occurs? * State the conditions required.

* Benzene, conc. HNO₃ * Nitration * Electrophilic substitution** * Conc. H₂SO₄, below 55^oC ## Footnote *Topic: CD*

* Give the reactant(s) required for the conversion of benzene to benzenesulfonic acid. * What is the name of this reaction? * What mechanism occurs? * State the conditions required.

* Benzene, H₂SO₄ * Sulfonation * Electrophilic substitution** * Reflux ## Footnote *Topic: CD*

* Give the reactant(s) required to add an alkyl group to benzene. * What is the name of this reaction? * What mechanism occurs? * State the conditions required.

* Benzene, chloroalkane * Friedel-Crafts alkylation * Electrophilic substitution** * Reflux, anhydrous AlCl₃ ## Footnote *Topic: CD*

* Give the reactant(s) required to add an acyl group to benzene. * What is the name of this reaction? * What mechanism occurs? * State the conditions required.

* Benzene, acyl chloride * Friedel-Crafts acylation * Electrophilic substitution** * Reflux, anhydrous AlCl₃ ## Footnote *Topic: CD*