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Biology > CB8 -Exchange and Transport in Animals > Flashcards

CB8 -Exchange and Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What are some ways the body removes waste?

A

Kidney remove urea via urine
Lung remove carbon dioxide produced during respiration

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2
Q

What is the formula for surface area?

A

length x height x no. of sides

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3
Q

What is the formula for volume?

A

length x width x height

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4
Q

Why do organs with large SA:V ratios move substances faster?

A

There is more surface area per unit volume where substances can diffuse

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5
Q

How are lungs adapted to their function?

A

They contain millions of alveoli

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6
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A

Large surface area - more room for particles to diffuse
Thin walls - shorter diffusion distance
Moist - gases dissolve faster
Ventilation - gases are removed constantly
Capillaries - rich blood supply - high concentration gradient

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7
Q

What is concentration?

A

The amount of a substance in a certain volume

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8
Q

What is the formula for concentration?

A

volume of solution

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9
Q

What is the unit of concentration?

A

g/cm^3

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10
Q

What is concentration gradient?

A

The difference between two concentrations

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11
Q

How does concentration gradient affect diffusion?

A

The steeper the concentration gradient the faster the rate of diffusion.

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12
Q

What do small intestine exchange?

A

Nutrients

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13
Q

What makes up blood?

A

Plasma
Platelets
White blood cells
Red blood cells

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14
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A

Lymphocytes
Phagocytes

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15
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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16
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Carries dissolved carbon dioxide, hormones, glucose and urea.

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17
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Forms scabs when the skin breaks to block pathogen from entering.
Clots blood

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18
Q

What is the function of phagocytes and lymphocytes?

A

Protect the body from disease by fighting the pathogens

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19
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Transports oxygen around the body

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20
Q

How is plasma adapted to its function?

A

Mainly water - can easily dissolve substances

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21
Q

How are platelets adapted to its function?

A

Fragments of cells
No nucleus

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22
Q

How are phagocytes adapted to its function?

A

Engulf the pathogen killing it

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23
Q

How are lymphocytes adapted to its function?

A

Detect antigen, shoot antibodies and antitoxins to fight against pathogens and bacteria

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24
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to its function?

A

Contains haemoglobin - combines with oxygen
No nucleus - more space for haemoglobin
Biconcave - large surface area

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25
What are the 3 blood vessels?
Artery Vein Capillary
26
Where are the capillaries located?
Between arteries and veins
27
Where are the capillaries located?
Between arteries and veins
28
In which vessel is the blood pressure high?
Artery
29
In which vessel is the blood pressure low?
Vein Capillary
30
Which vessels are thick?
Artery Vein
31
What does the heart do?
Pump blood around the body
32
What is the heart made of?
Muscle
33
What is the top half of the heart called?
Atrium
34
What is the bottom half of the heart called?
Ventricle
35
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Right
36
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the body?
Left
37
Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood?
Right
38
Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood?
Left
39
What is the purpose of valves?
Stop back flow - blood flowing backwards
40
What is the name of the blood vessel that pumps blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
41
What is the name of the blood vessel that pumps blood to the body?
Aorta
42
What is the name of the blood vessel that receives blood from the body?
Vena Cava
43
What is the name of the blood vessel that receives blood from the lungs?
Pulmonary vein
44
Why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right?
The left side pumps blood the body, meaning the blood needs to travel further so a higher blood pressure is needed
45
What is the circulatory system?
A system that carries blood and dissolved substances to and from different places in the body.
46
What is the formula for cardiac output?
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
47
What is the unit of cardiac output?
litres/minute (l/min)
48
What is the unit of stroke volume?
litres/beat
49
What is the unit of heart rate?
beats per minute (bmp)
50
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
51
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one beat
52
What is heart rate?
How fast the heart beats
53
Why do athletes have a higher stroke volume and lower heart rate?
The heart is a muscle, so the more the athletes work out their heart the stronger it gets. The stronger their heart is the more blood can be pumped per minute, this means the heart has to beat less to pump out the same volume of blood.
54
What is respiration?
A chemical reaction that releases energy
55
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water
56
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
O2 + C6-H12-O6 --> CO2 + H2O
57
Where does aerobic respiration take place in the cell?
Mitochondira
58
Is aerobic respiration endo or exothermic?
exothermic - releases energy
59
What is the energy made during aerobic respiration used for?
Movement, growth, repair and warmth
60
What is the test for glucose?
Starts to change blue as sugar added
61
What is the test for oxygen?
Relights a glowing splint
62
What is the test for carbon dioxide?
Cloudy limewater
63
What is anaerobic respiration?
Reaction where energy is created without oxygen
64
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans?
glucose --> lactic acid
65
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?
glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide
66
When does anaerobic respiration take place?
When exercising hard
67
Does aerobic or anaerobic respiration release more energy?
Aerobic Anaerobic only release a small amount of energy
68
Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration take place?
Cytoplasm
69
What is oxygen debt?
Lactic acid is toxic - oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to break down the lactic acid
70
What organ breaks down lactic acid?
Liver
71
What are the 2 ways the liver breaks down lactic acid?
lactic acid + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water lactic acid + lactic acid --> glycogen

Biology (8 decks)

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