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Biology > CB8 -Exchange and Transport in Animals > Flashcards

CB8 -Exchange and Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some ways the body removes waste?

A

Kidney remove urea via urine
Lung remove carbon dioxide produced during respiration

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2
Q

What is the formula for surface area?

A

length x height x no. of sides

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3
Q

What is the formula for volume?

A

length x width x height

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4
Q

Why do organs with large SA:V ratios move substances faster?

A

There is more surface area per unit volume where substances can diffuse

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5
Q

How are lungs adapted to their function?

A

They contain millions of alveoli

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6
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A

Large surface area - more room for particles to diffuse
Thin walls - shorter diffusion distance
Moist - gases dissolve faster
Ventilation - gases are removed constantly
Capillaries - rich blood supply - high concentration gradient

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7
Q

What is concentration?

A

The amount of a substance in a certain volume

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8
Q

What is the formula for concentration?

A

volume of solution

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9
Q

What is the unit of concentration?

A

g/cm^3

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10
Q

What is concentration gradient?

A

The difference between two concentrations

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11
Q

How does concentration gradient affect diffusion?

A

The steeper the concentration gradient the faster the rate of diffusion.

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12
Q

What do small intestine exchange?

A

Nutrients

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13
Q

What makes up blood?

A

Plasma
Platelets
White blood cells
Red blood cells

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14
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A

Lymphocytes
Phagocytes

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15
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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16
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Carries dissolved carbon dioxide, hormones, glucose and urea.

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17
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Forms scabs when the skin breaks to block pathogen from entering.
Clots blood

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18
Q

What is the function of phagocytes and lymphocytes?

A

Protect the body from disease by fighting the pathogens

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19
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Transports oxygen around the body

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20
Q

How is plasma adapted to its function?

A

Mainly water - can easily dissolve substances

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21
Q

How are platelets adapted to its function?

A

Fragments of cells
No nucleus

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22
Q

How are phagocytes adapted to its function?

A

Engulf the pathogen killing it

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23
Q

How are lymphocytes adapted to its function?

A

Detect antigen, shoot antibodies and antitoxins to fight against pathogens and bacteria

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24
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to its function?

A

Contains haemoglobin - combines with oxygen
No nucleus - more space for haemoglobin
Biconcave - large surface area

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25
Q

What are the 3 blood vessels?

A

Artery
Vein
Capillary

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26
Q

Where are the capillaries located?

A

Between arteries and veins

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27
Q

Where are the capillaries located?

A

Between arteries and veins

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28
Q

In which vessel is the blood pressure high?

A

Artery

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29
Q

In which vessel is the blood pressure low?

A

Vein
Capillary

30
Q

Which vessels are thick?

A

Artery
Vein

31
Q

What does the heart do?

A

Pump blood around the body

32
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

Muscle

33
Q

What is the top half of the heart called?

A

Atrium

34
Q

What is the bottom half of the heart called?

A

Ventricle

35
Q

Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?

A

Right

36
Q

Which side of the heart pumps blood to the body?

A

Left

37
Q

Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood?

A

Right

38
Q

Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood?

A

Left

39
Q

What is the purpose of valves?

A

Stop back flow - blood flowing backwards

40
Q

What is the name of the blood vessel that pumps blood to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

41
Q

What is the name of the blood vessel that pumps blood to the body?

A

Aorta

42
Q

What is the name of the blood vessel that receives blood from the body?

A

Vena Cava

43
Q

What is the name of the blood vessel that receives blood from the lungs?

A

Pulmonary vein

44
Q

Why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right?

A

The left side pumps blood the body, meaning the blood needs to travel further so a higher blood pressure is needed

45
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

A system that carries blood and dissolved substances to and from different places in the body.

46
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

47
Q

What is the unit of cardiac output?

A

litres/minute (l/min)

48
Q

What is the unit of stroke volume?

A

litres/beat

49
Q

What is the unit of heart rate?

A

beats per minute (bmp)

50
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

51
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one beat

52
Q

What is heart rate?

A

How fast the heart beats

53
Q

Why do athletes have a higher stroke volume and lower heart rate?

A

The heart is a muscle, so the more the athletes work out their heart the stronger it gets. The stronger their heart is the more blood can be pumped per minute, this means the heart has to beat less to pump out the same volume of blood.

54
Q

What is respiration?

A

A chemical reaction that releases energy

55
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

56
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

O2 + C6-H12-O6 –> CO2 + H2O

57
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place in the cell?

A

Mitochondira

58
Q

Is aerobic respiration endo or exothermic?

A

exothermic - releases energy

59
Q

What is the energy made during aerobic respiration used for?

A

Movement, growth, repair and warmth

60
Q

What is the test for glucose?

A

Starts to change blue as sugar added

61
Q

What is the test for oxygen?

A

Relights a glowing splint

62
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

A

Cloudy limewater

63
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Reaction where energy is created without oxygen

64
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans?

A

glucose –> lactic acid

65
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

66
Q

When does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

When exercising hard

67
Q

Does aerobic or anaerobic respiration release more energy?

A

Aerobic
Anaerobic only release a small amount of energy

68
Q

Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

Cytoplasm

69
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Lactic acid is toxic - oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to break down the lactic acid

70
Q

What organ breaks down lactic acid?

A

Liver

71
Q

What are the 2 ways the liver breaks down lactic acid?

A

lactic acid + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
lactic acid + lactic acid –> glycogen

Biology (8 decks)

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