CB8 -Exchange and Transport in Animals Flashcards
What are some ways the body removes waste?
Kidney remove urea via urine
Lung remove carbon dioxide produced during respiration
What is the formula for surface area?
length x height x no. of sides
What is the formula for volume?
length x width x height
Why do organs with large SA:V ratios move substances faster?
There is more surface area per unit volume where substances can diffuse
How are lungs adapted to their function?
They contain millions of alveoli
How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?
Large surface area - more room for particles to diffuse
Thin walls - shorter diffusion distance
Moist - gases dissolve faster
Ventilation - gases are removed constantly
Capillaries - rich blood supply - high concentration gradient
What is concentration?
The amount of a substance in a certain volume
What is the formula for concentration?
volume of solution
What is the unit of concentration?
g/cm^3
What is concentration gradient?
The difference between two concentrations
How does concentration gradient affect diffusion?
The steeper the concentration gradient the faster the rate of diffusion.
What do small intestine exchange?
Nutrients
What makes up blood?
Plasma
Platelets
White blood cells
Red blood cells
What are the two types of white blood cells?
Lymphocytes
Phagocytes
What is another name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
What is the function of plasma?
Carries dissolved carbon dioxide, hormones, glucose and urea.
What is the function of platelets?
Forms scabs when the skin breaks to block pathogen from entering.
Clots blood
What is the function of phagocytes and lymphocytes?
Protect the body from disease by fighting the pathogens
What is the function of red blood cells?
Transports oxygen around the body
How is plasma adapted to its function?
Mainly water - can easily dissolve substances
How are platelets adapted to its function?
Fragments of cells
No nucleus
How are phagocytes adapted to its function?
Engulf the pathogen killing it
How are lymphocytes adapted to its function?
Detect antigen, shoot antibodies and antitoxins to fight against pathogens and bacteria
How are red blood cells adapted to its function?
Contains haemoglobin - combines with oxygen
No nucleus - more space for haemoglobin
Biconcave - large surface area
What are the 3 blood vessels?
Artery
Vein
Capillary
Where are the capillaries located?
Between arteries and veins
Where are the capillaries located?
Between arteries and veins
In which vessel is the blood pressure high?
Artery
In which vessel is the blood pressure low?
Vein
Capillary
Which vessels are thick?
Artery
Vein
What does the heart do?
Pump blood around the body
What is the heart made of?
Muscle
What is the top half of the heart called?
Atrium
What is the bottom half of the heart called?
Ventricle
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Right
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the body?
Left
Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood?
Right
Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood?
Left
What is the purpose of valves?
Stop back flow - blood flowing backwards
What is the name of the blood vessel that pumps blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
What is the name of the blood vessel that pumps blood to the body?
Aorta
What is the name of the blood vessel that receives blood from the body?
Vena Cava
What is the name of the blood vessel that receives blood from the lungs?
Pulmonary vein
Why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right?
The left side pumps blood the body, meaning the blood needs to travel further so a higher blood pressure is needed
What is the circulatory system?
A system that carries blood and dissolved substances to and from different places in the body.
What is the formula for cardiac output?
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
What is the unit of cardiac output?
litres/minute (l/min)
What is the unit of stroke volume?
litres/beat
What is the unit of heart rate?
beats per minute (bmp)
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one beat
What is heart rate?
How fast the heart beats
Why do athletes have a higher stroke volume and lower heart rate?
The heart is a muscle, so the more the athletes work out their heart the stronger it gets. The stronger their heart is the more blood can be pumped per minute, this means the heart has to beat less to pump out the same volume of blood.
What is respiration?
A chemical reaction that releases energy
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
O2 + C6-H12-O6 –> CO2 + H2O
Where does aerobic respiration take place in the cell?
Mitochondira
Is aerobic respiration endo or exothermic?
exothermic - releases energy
What is the energy made during aerobic respiration used for?
Movement, growth, repair and warmth
What is the test for glucose?
Starts to change blue as sugar added
What is the test for oxygen?
Relights a glowing splint
What is the test for carbon dioxide?
Cloudy limewater
What is anaerobic respiration?
Reaction where energy is created without oxygen
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans?
glucose –> lactic acid
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?
glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide
When does anaerobic respiration take place?
When exercising hard
Does aerobic or anaerobic respiration release more energy?
Aerobic
Anaerobic only release a small amount of energy
Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration take place?
Cytoplasm
What is oxygen debt?
Lactic acid is toxic - oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to break down the lactic acid
What organ breaks down lactic acid?
Liver
What are the 2 ways the liver breaks down lactic acid?
lactic acid + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
lactic acid + lactic acid –> glycogen
