CB2 Cells And Control

Question 1

What is mitosis?

Answer 1

A type of cell division that creates two identical daughter cells.

Question 2

What are the six stages of mitosis?

Answer 2

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

Question 3

How many chromosomes do body cells contain?

Answer 3

46

Question 4

How many chromosomes does a diploid cell have?

Answer 4

46

Question 5

How many chromosomes does a haploid cell have?

Answer 5

23

Question 6

What happens during the interphase phase?

Answer 6

The chromosomes duplicate.

Question 7

What happens during the prophase phase?

Answer 7

The nucleus breaks down
Spindle fibre appears

Question 8

What happens during the metaphase phase?

Answer 8

The chromosomes are lined up on the spindle fibres.

Question 9

What happens during the anaphase phase?

Answer 9

The chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell on the spindle fibres.

Question 10

What happens during the telophase phase?

Answer 10

A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to form nuclei.

Question 11

What happens during the cytokinesis phase?

Answer 11

A cell surface membrane forms, separating the two cells.
Creating two identical daughter diploid cells.

Question 12

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 12

When organisms use mitosis to produce offspring with identical genetics.

Question 13

What are cancer cells?

Answer 13

Cells that undergo uncontrollable cell division.

Question 14

What do cancer cells cause?

Answer 14

Tumours.

Question 15

What is growth?

Answer 15

An increase in size as a result of an increase in number or size of cells.

Question 16

What is differentiation?

Answer 16

The process that changes less specialised cells into specialised ones.

Question 17

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

Answer 17

Biconcave - increase surface area
No nucleus - more space for haemoglobin
Contains haemoglobin - binds to oxygen

Question 18

How are muscle cells adapted to their function?

Answer 18

They contain contractile proteins that shorten the cell.

Question 19

What are meristems?

Answer 19

A group of unspecialised cells at the end of the roots of plants that are capable of cell division.

Question 20

How are meristems adapted to their function?

Answer 20

The divide rapidly by mitosis, which increase length and differentiate into specialised cells.

Question 21

How do you measure the growth in plants (formula)?

Answer 21

New - Old
—————x 100
Old

Question 22

What are stem cells?

Answer 22

Cells that divide repeatedly over a long period of time to produce cells that differentiate.

Question 23

Where are stem cells found?

Answer 23

Meristems
Bone marrow
Embryos

Question 24

How do you use stem cells to treat disease?

Answer 24

The stem cells are stimulated to make them produce the specialised cells that are needed and injecting them into the places that are needed.

Question 25

What are the health risks of using stem cells?

Answer 25

Can lead to cancer.
Can be rejected

Question 26

What makes up the central nervous system?

Answer 26

Brain
Spinal cord

Question 27

What makes up the nervous system?

Answer 27

Central Nervous System
Nerves

Question 28

What does the nervous system allow you to do?

Answer 28

Allows parts of your body to communicate using electrical signals called impulses.

Question 29

What is a stimulus?

Answer 29

Changes in and out of your body that your body is sensitive to.

Question 30

What organs contain receptor cells?

Answer 30

Sense organs:
Eyes
Ears
Skin

Question 31

What do receptor cells detect?

Answer 31

Stimuli

Question 32

What do receptor cells do?

Answer 32

Create impulses which travel to the brain, which processes the information and sends impulses to cause a response.

Question 33

What is neurotransmission?

Answer 33

The transmission of impulses.

Question 34

What is the function of a sensory neurone?

Answer 34

To carry impulses from receptor cells to the CNS.

Question 35

Where does the receptor cell impulse pass onto?

Answer 35

A branch called a dendtrite , which transmits it along the dendron and the axon.

Question 36

What allows impulses to be transmitted to other neurones?

Answer 36

Axon terminals

Question 37

What is the myelin sheath?

Answer 37

A fatty layer surrounding the dendron and axon.

Question 38

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

Answer 38

It insulates a neurone from neighbouring neurones, stopping the signal losing energy.

Question 39

What do motor neurones do?

Answer 39

Carry impulses to effectors.

Question 40

What do relay neurones do?

Answer 40

Link motor and sensory neurones.

Question 41

What is a synapse?

Answer 41

A tiny gap where two neurones meet.

Question 42

What do synapses do?

Answer 42

Slow down neurotransmission.
Allows fresh impulses to be generated, so the neurone doesn’t lose ‘strength’.

Question 43

What are reflex actions?

Answer 43

Responses that are automatic and quick, used to protect the body.

Question 44

What does the reflex arc do?

Answer 44

Bypass parts of the brain used to process information, so the responses are quicker.

Question 45

What are effectors?

Answer 45

Muscles or glands that bring about responses

Question 46

What are malignant tumours?

Answer 46

Tumours that are cancerous and that can spread around the body

Question 47

What are benign tumours?

Answer 47

Tumours that aren’t cancerous and that don’t spread