CB5 - Health and Disease Flashcards
Explain what physical, mental and social health means.
Physical - exercising regularly - not smoking
Mental - good self-esteem
Social - having friends and socialising
What is the definition of health?
A state of being complete physical, social and mental well-being.
What is a disease?
An illness that harms your body
What are communicable disease?
Diseases that can be spread among people.
What are non-communicable diseases?
Diseases that can’t be spread among people.
What are pathogens?
A disease-causing organism.
What is the definition of lifestyle?
How you live your life - diet- exercise - smoking
What is causation?
An action causing something to occur
What is malnutrition?
Too little or too much of a specific nutrients.
What is correlation?
A relationship between variables, where if one changes so does the other.
What causes non-communicable diseases?
Mutations
Genetic disorder
Lifestyle - diet - exercise - age - gender
What are examples of noncommunicable diseases?
Cancer
Diabetes
AIDs
What causes cardiovascular disease?
Fatty build up/ blood clot in the coronary arteries, which provide blood to the heart.
Bad cholesterol, which increases blood pressure
What are the risks of cardiovascular disease?
Heart attack
Stroke
What increases the risk of cardiovascular disease?
High fat diet
Smoking - damages blood vessels, making it easier for fat to build up.
How is cardiovascular disease treated?
Statins
Stents
Biological valves
Mechanical valves
Artificial hearts
Heart transplants
How do statins treat cardiovascular disease?
Helps lower chloresterol.
What are the advantages of statins?
Decreases chance of heart attack.
What are the disadvantages of statins?
Can cause muscle and liver damage.
How do stents treat cardiovascular disease?
Put into your arteries to hold it open and to stop fatty build up.
What are advantages of stents?
Provides blood flow to the heart.
What are the disadvantages of stents?
Can damage the arteries or cause an allergic reaction.
How do biomechanical or mechanical valves treat cardiovascular disease?
Replaces faulty heart valves.
What are the advantages of biomechanical or mechanical valves?
Lower the risk of a blood clot.
What are the disadvantages of biomechanical or mechanical valves?
Risk of structural valve degeneration.
How do artificial hearts treat cardiovascular disease?
Replaces the lower chambers of the heart.
What are the advantages of artificial hearts?
Decrease the risk of a heart attack.
What are the disadvantages of artificial hearts?
Weakens the immune system.
How do heart transplants treat cardiovascular disease?
Replaces faulty heart and cures cardiovascular disease.
What are the advantages of a heart transplant?
Lowers the risk of a heart attack and improves overall life.
What are the disadvantages of a heart transplant?
Can cause infections, bleeding, kidney failure or death.
How do we measure obesity?
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Waist to Hip ratio (W:H)
What is the formula for BMI?
(height)^2
What is bacteria?
A micro-organism/ cell that can replicate.
How does bacteria make people sick?
Secretes poisons (toxins) that damages our cells and tissue.
How do viruses make people sick?
They attach themselves to the outside of our cells and inject their DNA into our cells.
Their DNA takes over the cell and makes more viruses using that cell.
The cell bursts distributing the viruses and damaging the cell.
Why are viruses hard to treat?
They take over your cell, so they are essentially uncurable.
What is malaria?
A protist disease that is spread by female mosquitoes.
The protists live on the mosquitos.
What is a vector?
An organism that transfers a disease from one place to another.
How can we reduce the spread of malaria?
Insecticides
Spread awareness
Mosquito nets
No damp surfaces.
What are the symptoms of malaria?
Fever
Sweats
Chills
Vomiting
Headaches
Diarrhoea
What is cholera?
A bacteria disease that causes severe diarrhoea.
Why is cholera dangerous?
Leads to dehydration, which can lead to death.
What causes cholera?
Drinking unclean water
Eating infected food
How can we prevent cholera?
Washing your hands before eating
Boiling water before drinking
What is tuberculosis?
A bacterium disease that infects and damages the lungs.
What is chalara-ash dieback?
A fungal disease that affects ash trees and causes them to lose their leaves and die
How is chalara-ash dieback spread?
The wind/ spores.
What does HIV do?
Attacks the immune system and destroys white blood cells, weakening the immune system.
People then often develop AIDs and can die from the tamest diseases.
How do pathogens spread?
Through bodily fluids
Through the air
Through water
Through blood
Through vectors
What is the bodies first line of defence?(6)
Physical - eyelashes, skin, nose hairs, cilia
Chemical - stomach acid (HCL), mucus
What is the bodies second line of defence?
The immune system:
Phagocytes - they engulf the pathogen and release enzymes, killing the pathogen.
Lymphocytes - shoot antibodies and antitoxins, killing the pathogens.
How do lymphocytes protect the body against pathogens?
Pathogens enter your body
Lymphocytes recognise the pathogens antigens and starts to make different antibodies.
One antibody matches the antigen
The lymphocyte with the correct antibody replicates itself and kills the pathogen.
A memory lymphocyte is left behind, so if the same pathogen comes back the lymphocyte has a quicker response in killing it.
What is used when creating antibiotics?
Fungi or bacteria
What do antibiotics do?
They destroy the cell wall of bacteria, killing it.
This means they can’t harm human cells.
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
What do vaccines do?
Inject you with a dead or altered form of a pathogen, allowing your body to build immunity against it.
What are the 4 stages of creating new medication?
Pre-clinical trails
Clinical trails
Dosage
Efficiency
What does the pre-clinical trials entail?
Research and development
The drug is tested on human tissue cells, to see the toxicity levels and to see if it works.
What does the clinical trials entail?
Low doses are given to a small group of healthy volunteers.
Evaluation done to identify possible side effects (toxicity)
What does the dosage stage entail?
The drug is tested on a larger group of infected people (1000)
Evaluate side effects again and calculate optimum doses.
What does the efficiency stage entail?
Testing double blind trails on a larger group of infected people (1000 - 10,000)
Confirms effectiveness of the medicine
What do scientists need to consider with new medicine?
Toxicity - whether the drug has a poisonous effect
Dosage - the strength of the drug that should be administered.
Efficiency - how effective the drug is.
