Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > CB3 - Genetics > Flashcards

CB3 - Genetics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What organisms can produce asexually?

A

Most insects
Many plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does asexual reproduction produce?

A

Genetically identical ‘clones’ offspring of the parent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Creates variation, so there is a greater chance that offspring will be suited to new conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Quicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells -
egg
sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is formed when two gametes fuse during fertilisation?

A

Zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the zygote form?

A

A ball of cells using mitosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are the genetic instructions for an organism found?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire genetic material of an organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the Human Genome Project?

A

A project dedicated to determining the base pairs that make up human DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are genes?

A

Sections of DNA that contain a code for making protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many ‘different’ chromosomes are there in a human body cell?

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is a human body cell diploid or haploid and why?

A

Diploid
Contains two sets of 23 unique chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A type of cell division that results in the production of four haploid daughter cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens to a cell during meiosis?

A

The chromosomes replicate and their copies stay stuck to one another. There are now 4x 46 chromosomes.
The cells divide into two and then two again.
This leaves four haploid cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Nucleus contains chromosomes.
A chromosome contains one long DNA molecule.
That DNA molecule is tightly coiled in proteins.
DNA is a double helix and polymer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the four bases in DNA?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which bases form complementary base pairs?

A

A and T
C and G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the bases attached to?

A

A sugar attached to a phosphate group.

20
Q

What is the grouping of a base, sugar and phosphate called?

A

Nucleotide

21
Q

How are the bases held together?

A

The negatively charged part of one base attracts the positively charged part of another base, this forms hydrogen bonds.

22
Q

Is DNA unique?

A

Yes, except for identical twins.

23
Q

What is the experiment to extract DNA?

A

Mash the fruit to break down the cell wall
Mix together water, salt and washing-up liquid.
This breaks down the surface membrane and the membrane around the nucleus.
Filter the mixture and collect the filtrate.
Add protease to the filtrate to break down the proteins coiled around the DNA.
Add ethanol which forms a precipitate.

24
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different forms of the same gene.

25
Q

What is it called if both alleles for one gene are the same?

A

Homozygous

26
Q

What is it called if the alleles for one gene are different?

A

Heterozygous

27
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

For that characteristic to be seen both alleles have to be ressisive.

28
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

For that characteristic to be seen one allele has to be dominant.

29
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The alleles in an organism.

30
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

What observable characteristics an organism has.

31
Q

What are the male sex chromosomes?

A

XY

32
Q

What are the female sex chromosomes?

A

XX

33
Q

What are Punnett squares?

A

A way to demonstrate inheritance and work out the probability of offspring inheriting certain genotypes.

34
Q

How do we show dominant and recessive genes?

A

Capital letter for dominant
Lower case letter for recessive

35
Q

What are mutations?

A

A change in a gene that creates a new allele.
Errors in the genetic sequence

36
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Variation caused by the different alleles inherited during sexual reproduction.
Variation caused by mutations affecting the phenotype.

37
Q

What is environmental variation?

A

Variation caused by surroundings.
E.g. - Plants height based off light and water.

38
Q

What are acquired characteristics?

A

Characteristics that are changed by the environment during the life of an individual.

39
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

Where data can only take a limited set of values.

40
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Where data can be any value in a range.

41
Q

What are the three types of mutations?

A

Deletion
Insertion
Substitution

42
Q

What is a deletion mutation?

A

When one base in the genetic sequence is deleted

43
Q

What is a insertion mutation?

A

When one base is added to the genetic sequence

44
Q

What is a substitution insertion?

A

When one of the bases in a genetic sequence changes

45
Q

What is sickle cell mutation?

A

A mutation that changes the shape of the blood cell

46
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A mutation that causes cysts to form in the lungs

Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions