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Biology > CB1 - Key Concepts > Flashcards

CB1 - Key Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you work out a microscopes magnification?

A

Multiply the magnifications of its two lenses together.( x10 eyepiece lens x x10 objective lens)

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2
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability of a microscope to distinguish detail.

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3
Q

What is the difference between an electron and light microscope?

A

Electron microscopes have higher magnification and a higher resolution, but cannot be used to view living cells.

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4
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell with a nucleus.

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5
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell without a nucleus.

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6
Q

What does the nucleus do in animal cells?

A

Controls the cell and its activities.
Inside there are chromosomes which contain DNA.

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7
Q

What does the cell membrane do in animal cells?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Separates one cell from another.

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8
Q

What does the cytoplasm do in an animal cell?

A

Where most of the cells activities occur.

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9
Q

What do mitochondrion do in animal cells?

A

They are where aerobic respiration occurs.

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10
Q

What does an animal cell contain? (5)

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion

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11
Q

What do plant cells contain?(7)

A

Nucleus
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Chloroplasts
Ribosomes
Permanent vacuole

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12
Q

What does the nucleus do in a plant cell?

A

Contains chromosomes which contain DNA
Controls the cells activities.

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13
Q

What does the cytoplasm do in a plant cell?

A

Many chemical reactions happen there.

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14
Q

What does the cell membrane do in plant cells?

A

It controls movement in and out of the cell.

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15
Q

What do mitochondrion do in plant cells.

A

Aerobic respiration
Where most energy is released.

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16
Q

What does ribosomes do in plant cells?

A

Protein synthesis.

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17
Q

What does the chloroplast do in plant cells?

A

Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light for photosynthesis.
Provides the green pigment.

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18
Q

What does the cell wall in plant cells do?

A

Strengthens the cell and supports the plant.

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19
Q

What does the permanent vacuole do in plant cells?

A

Filled with sap to keep the cell turgid.

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20
Q

How do you make a microscope slide?

A

Put a thin sample onto the glass slide.
Add the dye/ stain.
Place the cover slip on top.

21
Q

What are specialised cells.

A

Cells that are adapted to have a specific function.

22
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

They line the small intestine and absorb food molecules.

23
Q

How are microvilli adapted to their function?

A

They have many tiny folds, increasing the surface area for more molecules to be absorbed.

24
Q

What do cilia lining the oviduct do?

A

They transport egg cells towards the uterus.

25
Q

Are bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic.

26
Q

How is bacteria adapted?

A

They have flagellum which spins around so the bacteria can move.

27
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small loops of DNA

28
Q

How do bacteria get food?

A

They release digestive enzymes into their environment and then absorb the digested food into their cells.

29
Q

What does protein molecules breakdown into?

A

Amino acids.

30
Q

What do starch molecules breakdown into?

A

Glucose molecules.

31
Q

What do lipids breakdown into?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol.

32
Q

What is synthesis?

A

The building of larger molecules from smaller subunits.

33
Q

What are enzymes generally called?

A

Biological catalyst.

34
Q

Why are enzymes biological catalysts?

A

They increase the rate of reactions.

35
Q

What are enzymes?

A

A special group of proteins.

36
Q

What happens as bananas ripen?

A

The enzymes break down the starch into smaller carbohydrates.

37
Q

What is the active site?

A

Where the substrate of the enzyme fits at the start of a reaction.
Only specific substrates can fit into the active site.

38
Q

How does a change in temperature or pH affect the active site?

A

They affect how to protein folds, which changes the shape of the active site. This means the substrate won’t fit. We say the enzyme has denatured if the active site changes drastically.

39
Q

What happens if a enzyme exceed the optimum temperature?

A

The enzyme denatures.

40
Q

How do gasses and liquids move?

A

By diffusion.

41
Q

What is diffusion and what does it allow?

A

Particles diffuse from a area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Down a concentration gradient.
Diffusion allows small molecules to move in and out of cells.

42
Q

What is osmosis.

A

The movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane. The particles move from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution.

43
Q

What is active transport.

A

The movement of molecules against a concentration gradient.

44
Q

Is osmosis active or passive transport?
Is diffusion active or passive transport?
Is active transport active or passive transport?

A

Osmosis and diffusion passive.
Active transport is active.

45
Q

What is active and passive transport?

A

Passive transport does not require energy
Active transport requires energy.

46
Q

What do bacteria contain?(6)

A

Cell wall
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Chromosomal DNA
Plasmid DNA rings

47
Q

What does protease do?

A

Breaks down protein into amino acids

48
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Breaks down lipids into fatty acid and glycerol

49
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Breaks down starch into maltose

Biology (8 decks)

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