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Biology > CB7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis > Flashcards

CB7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary
Pancreas
Thyroid
Adrenal
Ovaries
Testes

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2
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

A glad that produces a hormone

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3
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical messenger that travels through the blood to a target organ

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4
Q

What is another name for the hormonal system?

A

Endocrine system

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5
Q

How does the hormonal system work?

A

It uses chemical messages called hormones, which travel through the blood and send message

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6
Q

What is the difference between the hormonal and nervous system?

A

The nervous system is a lot quicker
The changes brought by hormones last longer
Hormones use chemical messages in blood - nerves use electrical impulses

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7
Q

What is the target organ?

A

Location where the hormone brings about a change

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8
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found?

A

The brain

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9
Q

Where is the pancreas found?

A

Above the small intestine

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10
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found?

A

Front of the neck

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11
Q

Where is the adrenal gland found?

A

Above the kidneys

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12
Q

Where is the ovary found?

A

Either side of you uterus

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13
Q

Where are the testes found?

A

Inside the scrotum

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14
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland produce?

A

FSH
LH
Growth hormone

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15
Q

What hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin
Glucagon

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16
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine

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17
Q

What hormones does the adrenal gland produce?

A

Adrenaline

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18
Q

What hormones does the ovary produce?

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone

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19
Q

What hormones does testes produce?

A

Testosterone

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20
Q

What is the target organ for the pituitary gland?

A

Kidneys
Ovaries

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21
Q

What is the target organ for the pancreas?

A

Liver

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22
Q

What is the target organ for the thyroid gland?

A

All cells

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23
Q

What is the target organ for the thyroid gland?

A

All cells

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24
Q

What is the target organ for the adrenal gland?

A

Vital organs

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25
Q

What is the target organ for the ovary?

A

Ovaries

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26
Q

What is the target organ for testes?

A

Reproductive organs

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27
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Controlling water content of blood
Triggering egg maturing and release

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28
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Controlling blood glucose levels

29
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

Stimulates base metabolic rate
Chemical reactions in the body

30
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland?

A

Preparation for ‘fight’ or ‘flight’
Controls metabolism

31
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

Building uterus lining
Maintaining uterus lining

32
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

Produces sperm
Controls males secondary sexual characteristics
Preparing reproduction

33
Q

What is the negative feedback loop with the thyroid?

A

If there is too much thyroxine the body tells the thyroid to stop releasing thyroxine.
If there is too little thyroxine the body tells the thyroid to release more thyroxine

34
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A

The heart beats faster (faster heart rate)
The heart beats harder increasing blood pressure
Blood vessels expand to get blood to your heart and muscles
Blood vessels contract to unnecessary organs
The liver turns glycogen into glucose for energy

35
Q

What is the metabolic rate?

A

The rate at which energy from food is transferred by all the reactions that take place in your body to keep you alive.

36
Q

What affects metabolic rate?

A

Thyroxine

37
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics?

A

Characteristics you are born with

38
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Characteristics that develop at puberty

39
Q

What is puberty?

A

When hormones control the development of secondary sexual characteristics

40
Q

How long is the mensural cycle?

A

28 days

41
Q

At what day in the menstrual cycle does ovulation happen?

A
42
Q

At what day in the menstrual cycle does ovulation happen?

A

Day 14

43
Q

Explain how hormones control the menstrual cycle:

A

The pituitary gland is stimulated and releases FSH
FSH tells to ovaries to mature an egg
This causes the release of oestrogen from the ovaries which builds up the uterus lining
High levels of oestrogen stimulates the pituitary gland to release LH and FSH which cause follicle to burst and release the ovum (ovulation)
The follicle reforms to become a corpus luteum
The corpus luteum would release progesterone
High progesterone inhibits FSH and LH
If fertilised progesterone levels stay high
If no embryo implanted progesterone and oestrogen fall cause the lining of uterus to shed
Low levels of oestrogen stimulated FSH

44
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

45
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

46
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Luteinising hormone

47
Q

What are some barrier methods of contraception?

A

Condom
Intrauterine device
Diaphragm
Female and male sterilisation

48
Q

What are some hormonal methods of contraception?

A

Contraceptive patch
Contraceptive implant
Contraceptive injection
Combined contraceptive pill

49
Q

How do hormonal contraceptives work?

A

They release oestrogen and/or progesterone to stop ovulation
High progesterone inhibits FSH and LH

50
Q

How do barrier contraceptive methods work?

A

They stop the sperm from reaching the egg

51
Q

Why might a women struggle with fertility?

A

Be in menopause - not able to produce an egg
Not enough FSH to mature the egg
Not enough LH to release the egg

52
Q

Why might a man struggle with fertility?

A

Sperm not swim correctly
Not enough mitochondria (energy)

53
Q

What does ART stand for?

A

Assisted Reproductive Technology

54
Q

How does ART help with fertility?

A

Hormones are used to increase chance of pregnancy.

55
Q

What is clomifene therapy?

A

A drug that helps increase FSH and LH concentration - used in females who struggle to release eggs

56
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In Vitro Fertilisation

57
Q

What are the steps of IVF?

A

Sperm collected
FSH injected to mature multiple eggs
LH injected and eggs are released
Eggs are extracted
Sperm and egg left in Petri dish for 20 hours
Progesterone injected to build up uterus lining
The embryo is inserted into the women’s uterus

58
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining optimum internal conditions for cellular reactions and enzymes

59
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A condition that causes abnormal levels of glucose in the blood

60
Q

What does BMI stand for?

A

Body Mass Index

61
Q

What is the formula for BMI?

A

Height ^2 (m)

62
Q

What is a limitation of BMI?

A

Muscle weighs more than fat - so a muscular person would be perceived as obese

63
Q

What is a limitation of W:H ratio?

A

Women have wider wips

64
Q

How do the pancreas and liver help control blood sugar levels?

A

If the blood glucose level is high:
The pancreas detects it and releases insulin
Which tells the liver to store glucose as glycogen

If the blood glucose levels are low:
The pancreas detects it and release glucagon
Which tells the liver to release some glucose stored as glycogen

65
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 diabetes is a genetic disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin
Type 2 diabetes is if the persons cells no longer react to the insulin produced

66
Q

What are some risks of diabetes?

A

Stroke
Heart attack
Kidney problems
Nerve damage
Gum disease

67
Q

What are some treatments for Type 1 diabetes?

A

Injections of insulin
Limiting carbohydrates
Having regular meal times

68
Q

What are some treatments for Type 2 diabetes?

A

Eating a healthy, balanced diet
Exercise
Medicine to reduce glucose concentration

Biology (8 decks)

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