CB7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis Flashcards
What are the 6 endocrine glands?
Pituitary
Pancreas
Thyroid
Adrenal
Ovaries
Testes
What is an endocrine gland?
A glad that produces a hormone
What is a hormone?
A chemical messenger that travels through the blood to a target organ
What is another name for the hormonal system?
Endocrine system
How does the hormonal system work?
It uses chemical messages called hormones, which travel through the blood and send message
What is the difference between the hormonal and nervous system?
The nervous system is a lot quicker
The changes brought by hormones last longer
Hormones use chemical messages in blood - nerves use electrical impulses
What is the target organ?
Location where the hormone brings about a change
Where is the pituitary gland found?
The brain
Where is the pancreas found?
Above the small intestine
Where is the thyroid gland found?
Front of the neck
Where is the adrenal gland found?
Above the kidneys
Where is the ovary found?
Either side of you uterus
Where are the testes found?
Inside the scrotum
What hormones does the pituitary gland produce?
FSH
LH
Growth hormone
What hormones does the pancreas produce?
Insulin
Glucagon
What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
Thyroxine
What hormones does the adrenal gland produce?
Adrenaline
What hormones does the ovary produce?
Oestrogen
Progesterone
What hormones does testes produce?
Testosterone
What is the target organ for the pituitary gland?
Kidneys
Ovaries
What is the target organ for the pancreas?
Liver
What is the target organ for the thyroid gland?
All cells
What is the target organ for the thyroid gland?
All cells
What is the target organ for the adrenal gland?
Vital organs
What is the target organ for the ovary?
Ovaries
What is the target organ for testes?
Reproductive organs
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
Controlling water content of blood
Triggering egg maturing and release
What is the function of the pancreas?
Controlling blood glucose levels
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
Stimulates base metabolic rate
Chemical reactions in the body
What is the function of the adrenal gland?
Preparation for ‘fight’ or ‘flight’
Controls metabolism
What is the function of the ovary?
Building uterus lining
Maintaining uterus lining
What is the function of the testes?
Produces sperm
Controls males secondary sexual characteristics
Preparing reproduction
What is the negative feedback loop with the thyroid?
If there is too much thyroxine the body tells the thyroid to stop releasing thyroxine.
If there is too little thyroxine the body tells the thyroid to release more thyroxine
What are the effects of adrenaline?
The heart beats faster (faster heart rate)
The heart beats harder increasing blood pressure
Blood vessels expand to get blood to your heart and muscles
Blood vessels contract to unnecessary organs
The liver turns glycogen into glucose for energy
What is the metabolic rate?
The rate at which energy from food is transferred by all the reactions that take place in your body to keep you alive.
What affects metabolic rate?
Thyroxine
What are primary sexual characteristics?
Characteristics you are born with
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
Characteristics that develop at puberty
What is puberty?
When hormones control the development of secondary sexual characteristics
How long is the mensural cycle?
28 days
At what day in the menstrual cycle does ovulation happen?
At what day in the menstrual cycle does ovulation happen?
Day 14
Explain how hormones control the menstrual cycle:
The pituitary gland is stimulated and releases FSH
FSH tells to ovaries to mature an egg
This causes the release of oestrogen from the ovaries which builds up the uterus lining
High levels of oestrogen stimulates the pituitary gland to release LH and FSH which cause follicle to burst and release the ovum (ovulation)
The follicle reforms to become a corpus luteum
The corpus luteum would release progesterone
High progesterone inhibits FSH and LH
If fertilised progesterone levels stay high
If no embryo implanted progesterone and oestrogen fall cause the lining of uterus to shed
Low levels of oestrogen stimulated FSH
What does FSH stand for?
Follicle stimulating hormone
What does FSH stand for?
Follicle stimulating hormone
What does LH stand for?
Luteinising hormone
What are some barrier methods of contraception?
Condom
Intrauterine device
Diaphragm
Female and male sterilisation
What are some hormonal methods of contraception?
Contraceptive patch
Contraceptive implant
Contraceptive injection
Combined contraceptive pill
How do hormonal contraceptives work?
They release oestrogen and/or progesterone to stop ovulation
High progesterone inhibits FSH and LH
How do barrier contraceptive methods work?
They stop the sperm from reaching the egg
Why might a women struggle with fertility?
Be in menopause - not able to produce an egg
Not enough FSH to mature the egg
Not enough LH to release the egg
Why might a man struggle with fertility?
Sperm not swim correctly
Not enough mitochondria (energy)
What does ART stand for?
Assisted Reproductive Technology
How does ART help with fertility?
Hormones are used to increase chance of pregnancy.
What is clomifene therapy?
A drug that helps increase FSH and LH concentration - used in females who struggle to release eggs
What does IVF stand for?
In Vitro Fertilisation
What are the steps of IVF?
Sperm collected
FSH injected to mature multiple eggs
LH injected and eggs are released
Eggs are extracted
Sperm and egg left in Petri dish for 20 hours
Progesterone injected to build up uterus lining
The embryo is inserted into the women’s uterus
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining optimum internal conditions for cellular reactions and enzymes
What is diabetes?
A condition that causes abnormal levels of glucose in the blood
What does BMI stand for?
Body Mass Index
What is the formula for BMI?
Height ^2 (m)
What is a limitation of BMI?
Muscle weighs more than fat - so a muscular person would be perceived as obese
What is a limitation of W:H ratio?
Women have wider wips
How do the pancreas and liver help control blood sugar levels?
If the blood glucose level is high:
The pancreas detects it and releases insulin
Which tells the liver to store glucose as glycogen
If the blood glucose levels are low:
The pancreas detects it and release glucagon
Which tells the liver to release some glucose stored as glycogen
What is the difference between Type 1 and 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is a genetic disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin
Type 2 diabetes is if the persons cells no longer react to the insulin produced
What are some risks of diabetes?
Stroke
Heart attack
Kidney problems
Nerve damage
Gum disease
What are some treatments for Type 1 diabetes?
Injections of insulin
Limiting carbohydrates
Having regular meal times
What are some treatments for Type 2 diabetes?
Eating a healthy, balanced diet
Exercise
Medicine to reduce glucose concentration
