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Biology > CB7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis > Flashcards

CB7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary
Pancreas
Thyroid
Adrenal
Ovaries
Testes

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2
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

A glad that produces a hormone

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3
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical messenger that travels through the blood to a target organ

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4
Q

What is another name for the hormonal system?

A

Endocrine system

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5
Q

How does the hormonal system work?

A

It uses chemical messages called hormones, which travel through the blood and send message

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6
Q

What is the difference between the hormonal and nervous system?

A

The nervous system is a lot quicker
The changes brought by hormones last longer
Hormones use chemical messages in blood - nerves use electrical impulses

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7
Q

What is the target organ?

A

Location where the hormone brings about a change

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8
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found?

A

The brain

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9
Q

Where is the pancreas found?

A

Above the small intestine

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10
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found?

A

Front of the neck

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11
Q

Where is the adrenal gland found?

A

Above the kidneys

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12
Q

Where is the ovary found?

A

Either side of you uterus

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13
Q

Where are the testes found?

A

Inside the scrotum

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14
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland produce?

A

FSH
LH
Growth hormone

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15
Q

What hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin
Glucagon

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16
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine

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17
Q

What hormones does the adrenal gland produce?

A

Adrenaline

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18
Q

What hormones does the ovary produce?

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone

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19
Q

What hormones does testes produce?

A

Testosterone

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20
Q

What is the target organ for the pituitary gland?

A

Kidneys
Ovaries

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21
Q

What is the target organ for the pancreas?

A

Liver

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22
Q

What is the target organ for the thyroid gland?

A

All cells

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23
Q

What is the target organ for the thyroid gland?

A

All cells

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24
Q

What is the target organ for the adrenal gland?

A

Vital organs

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25
What is the target organ for the ovary?
Ovaries
26
What is the target organ for testes?
Reproductive organs
27
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
Controlling water content of blood Triggering egg maturing and release
28
What is the function of the pancreas?
Controlling blood glucose levels
29
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
Stimulates base metabolic rate Chemical reactions in the body
30
What is the function of the adrenal gland?
Preparation for 'fight' or 'flight' Controls metabolism
31
What is the function of the ovary?
Building uterus lining Maintaining uterus lining
32
What is the function of the testes?
Produces sperm Controls males secondary sexual characteristics Preparing reproduction
33
What is the negative feedback loop with the thyroid?
If there is too much thyroxine the body tells the thyroid to stop releasing thyroxine. If there is too little thyroxine the body tells the thyroid to release more thyroxine
34
What are the effects of adrenaline?
The heart beats faster (faster heart rate) The heart beats harder increasing blood pressure Blood vessels expand to get blood to your heart and muscles Blood vessels contract to unnecessary organs The liver turns glycogen into glucose for energy
35
What is the metabolic rate?
The rate at which energy from food is transferred by all the reactions that take place in your body to keep you alive.
36
What affects metabolic rate?
Thyroxine
37
What are primary sexual characteristics?
Characteristics you are born with
38
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
Characteristics that develop at puberty
39
What is puberty?
When hormones control the development of secondary sexual characteristics
40
How long is the mensural cycle?
28 days
41
At what day in the menstrual cycle does ovulation happen?
42
At what day in the menstrual cycle does ovulation happen?
Day 14
43
Explain how hormones control the menstrual cycle:
The pituitary gland is stimulated and releases FSH FSH tells to ovaries to mature an egg This causes the release of oestrogen from the ovaries which builds up the uterus lining High levels of oestrogen stimulates the pituitary gland to release LH and FSH which cause follicle to burst and release the ovum (ovulation) The follicle reforms to become a corpus luteum The corpus luteum would release progesterone High progesterone inhibits FSH and LH If fertilised progesterone levels stay high If no embryo implanted progesterone and oestrogen fall cause the lining of uterus to shed Low levels of oestrogen stimulated FSH
44
What does FSH stand for?
Follicle stimulating hormone
45
What does FSH stand for?
Follicle stimulating hormone
46
What does LH stand for?
Luteinising hormone
47
What are some barrier methods of contraception?
Condom Intrauterine device Diaphragm Female and male sterilisation
48
What are some hormonal methods of contraception?
Contraceptive patch Contraceptive implant Contraceptive injection Combined contraceptive pill
49
How do hormonal contraceptives work?
They release oestrogen and/or progesterone to stop ovulation High progesterone inhibits FSH and LH
50
How do barrier contraceptive methods work?
They stop the sperm from reaching the egg
51
Why might a women struggle with fertility?
Be in menopause - not able to produce an egg Not enough FSH to mature the egg Not enough LH to release the egg
52
Why might a man struggle with fertility?
Sperm not swim correctly Not enough mitochondria (energy)
53
What does ART stand for?
Assisted Reproductive Technology
54
How does ART help with fertility?
Hormones are used to increase chance of pregnancy.
55
What is clomifene therapy?
A drug that helps increase FSH and LH concentration - used in females who struggle to release eggs
56
What does IVF stand for?
In Vitro Fertilisation
57
What are the steps of IVF?
Sperm collected FSH injected to mature multiple eggs LH injected and eggs are released Eggs are extracted Sperm and egg left in Petri dish for 20 hours Progesterone injected to build up uterus lining The embryo is inserted into the women's uterus
58
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining optimum internal conditions for cellular reactions and enzymes
59
What is diabetes?
A condition that causes abnormal levels of glucose in the blood
60
What does BMI stand for?
Body Mass Index
61
What is the formula for BMI?
Mass (kg) --------------------- Height ^2 (m)
62
What is a limitation of BMI?
Muscle weighs more than fat - so a muscular person would be perceived as obese
63
What is a limitation of W:H ratio?
Women have wider wips
64
How do the pancreas and liver help control blood sugar levels?
If the blood glucose level is high: The pancreas detects it and releases insulin Which tells the liver to store glucose as glycogen If the blood glucose levels are low: The pancreas detects it and release glucagon Which tells the liver to release some glucose stored as glycogen
65
What is the difference between Type 1 and 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is a genetic disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin Type 2 diabetes is if the persons cells no longer react to the insulin produced
66
What are some risks of diabetes?
Stroke Heart attack Kidney problems Nerve damage Gum disease
67
What are some treatments for Type 1 diabetes?
Injections of insulin Limiting carbohydrates Having regular meal times
68
What are some treatments for Type 2 diabetes?
Eating a healthy, balanced diet Exercise Medicine to reduce glucose concentration

Biology (8 decks)

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