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CB > CB6 > Flashcards

CB6 Flashcards

1
Q

total protein content of plasma is _______ / 100mL

A

6-8g

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2
Q

almost all plasma proteins, except ______, are synthesized in the _________.

A

immunoglobins, liver

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3
Q

what are the proteins in our plasma and their respective percentages?

A

albumin - 60

globulins - 18-30

fibrinogen and clotting proteins - 4

regulatory - <1

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4
Q

the albumin: globulin ratio is usually between _____-____:1

A

1.2-1.5

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5
Q

what plasma proteins are NOT synthesized in the liver?

A

complement proteins (liver and macrophages) and gamma globulins/immunoglobins (activated B lymphocytes)

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6
Q

the liver synthesizes about ______g of protein a day

A

25

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7
Q

a biomarker is any substances that is used as an indicator of a _________ state

A

biological

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8
Q

in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the rate of color formation is proportional to the amount of _________ produced

A

antigen

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9
Q

a reference range is the set of _____________

A

values 95% of the normal pop. falls within

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10
Q

albumin accounts for about ____% of the osmotic pressure of plasma

A

80

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11
Q

plasma half life of albumin is about ____ days

A

20

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12
Q

albumin is the primary plasma protein responsible for transport of __, ___, ____

A

fatty-acids, hormones, drugs

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13
Q

hypoalbuminaemia leads to _________ in the tissues

A

fluid retention/edema

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14
Q

albumin serves as a source of _____ during nutrition deprivation

A

aa’s

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15
Q

symptoms of low serum albumin

A

protein malnutrition, hepatocellular disease, loss through kidney, thermal burns/skin disease, acute/chronic inflammation

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16
Q

what are the alpha1 globins?

A
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17
Q

what are the alpha2 globulins?

A
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18
Q

what are the beta-globulins?

A
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19
Q

alpha-1 anti-trypsin is a strong INHIBITOR of elastase. What is elasase and what is it released by?

A

elastase is an enzyme that breaks down proteins and it is released by macrophages in response to an infection

20
Q

A1AT helps prevent _________ infection/inflammation.

A

lung

21
Q

an A1AT deficiency is _______, which leads to the chronic breakdown of tissues

A

inherited

22
Q

without A1AT, elastase can break down elastin, which contributes to the _________ of the lungs

A

elasticity

23
Q

Haptoglobin is a protein produced by the liver that the body uses to clear ________ (found outside of red blood cells) from circulation.

A

free hemoglobin

24
Q

decreased haptoglobin levels imply a diagnosis of _____________

A

hemolytic anemia (rbc’s die faster than they can be made)

25
Q

what happens when haptoglobin levels are down, but there is no anemia?

A

may indicate liver damage

26
Q

what may cause increased haptoglobin levels?

A

inflammation

27
Q

The acute-phase response is the term given to the coordinated series of events that occur nonspecifically in response to _____,_____, and ______

A

malignancy, autoimmune disease, infections

28
Q

in acute phase response, neutrophils, granulocytes and macrophages secrete _______ into the bloodstream

A

cytokines

29
Q

how does the liver respond when cytokines are released into the bloodstream in acute phase response?

A

it produces a large number of acute-phase reactants

30
Q

C-reactive proteins (CRP) bind to _______ in order to activate the _______ system

A

the surface of dead or dying cells, complement

31
Q

levels of CRP inc/dec rapidly in response to acute inflammation

A

increase

32
Q

ref level of CRP in blood is ___ mg/L

A

2

33
Q

CRP increases _________ fold in acute inflammation. ex. infection

A

50,000

34
Q

CRP is used for the ________ of acute infection

A

early detection

35
Q

immunoglobulins are also called _______

A

gamma globulins

36
Q

immunoglobulins are made by ________ in response to recognition of ________ proteins

A

b-lymphocytes, non-self

37
Q

immunoglobulins are made of _____ and ____ chains held together by _________ bonds

A

heavy, light, disulphide

38
Q

which chain defines the class of immunoglobulin?

A

heavy

39
Q

when there is a sharp spike in the gamma region of a densitometer tracing, the amt of normal gammaglobulins are ________ and large amts of single, monoclonal ____________ have taken their place

A

decreased, immunoglobulins

40
Q

presence of a spike of the M-protein (monoclonal antibodies) suggests _______

A

multiple myeloma

41
Q

fibrinogen is a large protein that is made in the _____

A

liver

42
Q

fibrinogen is present at _____-____ mg/mL in plasma

A

around 1.5-3.0

43
Q

fibrinogen plays a big role in ___________

A

blood coagulation

44
Q

inc amts of fibrinogen is associated with ____ and ______

A

inflammation, pregnancy

45
Q

dec amts of fibrinogen is associated with ___________

A

uncontrolled blood coagulation (coagulopathy)

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