CB6 Flashcards
total protein content of plasma is _______ / 100mL
6-8g
almost all plasma proteins, except ______, are synthesized in the _________.
immunoglobins, liver
what are the proteins in our plasma and their respective percentages?
albumin - 60
globulins - 18-30
fibrinogen and clotting proteins - 4
regulatory - <1
the albumin: globulin ratio is usually between _____-____:1
1.2-1.5
what plasma proteins are NOT synthesized in the liver?
complement proteins (liver and macrophages) and gamma globulins/immunoglobins (activated B lymphocytes)
the liver synthesizes about ______g of protein a day
25
a biomarker is any substances that is used as an indicator of a _________ state
biological
in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the rate of color formation is proportional to the amount of _________ produced
antigen
a reference range is the set of _____________
values 95% of the normal pop. falls within
albumin accounts for about ____% of the osmotic pressure of plasma
80
plasma half life of albumin is about ____ days
20
albumin is the primary plasma protein responsible for transport of __, ___, ____
fatty-acids, hormones, drugs
hypoalbuminaemia leads to _________ in the tissues
fluid retention/edema
albumin serves as a source of _____ during nutrition deprivation
aa’s
symptoms of low serum albumin
protein malnutrition, hepatocellular disease, loss through kidney, thermal burns/skin disease, acute/chronic inflammation
what are the alpha1 globins?
what are the alpha2 globulins?
what are the beta-globulins?
alpha-1 anti-trypsin is a strong INHIBITOR of elastase. What is elasase and what is it released by?
elastase is an enzyme that breaks down proteins and it is released by macrophages in response to an infection
A1AT helps prevent _________ infection/inflammation.
lung
an A1AT deficiency is _______, which leads to the chronic breakdown of tissues
inherited
without A1AT, elastase can break down elastin, which contributes to the _________ of the lungs
elasticity
Haptoglobin is a protein produced by the liver that the body uses to clear ________ (found outside of red blood cells) from circulation.
free hemoglobin
decreased haptoglobin levels imply a diagnosis of _____________
hemolytic anemia (rbc’s die faster than they can be made)
what happens when haptoglobin levels are down, but there is no anemia?
may indicate liver damage
what may cause increased haptoglobin levels?
inflammation
The acute-phase response is the term given to the coordinated series of events that occur nonspecifically in response to _____,_____, and ______
malignancy, autoimmune disease, infections
in acute phase response, neutrophils, granulocytes and macrophages secrete _______ into the bloodstream
cytokines
how does the liver respond when cytokines are released into the bloodstream in acute phase response?
it produces a large number of acute-phase reactants
C-reactive proteins (CRP) bind to _______ in order to activate the _______ system
the surface of dead or dying cells, complement
levels of CRP inc/dec rapidly in response to acute inflammation
increase
ref level of CRP in blood is ___ mg/L
2
CRP increases _________ fold in acute inflammation. ex. infection
50,000
CRP is used for the ________ of acute infection
early detection
immunoglobulins are also called _______
gamma globulins
immunoglobulins are made by ________ in response to recognition of ________ proteins
b-lymphocytes, non-self
immunoglobulins are made of _____ and ____ chains held together by _________ bonds
heavy, light, disulphide
which chain defines the class of immunoglobulin?
heavy
when there is a sharp spike in the gamma region of a densitometer tracing, the amt of normal gammaglobulins are ________ and large amts of single, monoclonal ____________ have taken their place
decreased, immunoglobulins
presence of a spike of the M-protein (monoclonal antibodies) suggests _______
multiple myeloma
fibrinogen is a large protein that is made in the _____
liver
fibrinogen is present at _____-____ mg/mL in plasma
around 1.5-3.0
fibrinogen plays a big role in ___________
blood coagulation
inc amts of fibrinogen is associated with ____ and ______
inflammation, pregnancy
dec amts of fibrinogen is associated with ___________
uncontrolled blood coagulation (coagulopathy)
