CB5 Flashcards
water content varies ______ with fat content
inversely
% of body water ______ with age
decreases
60% of the body is made up of fluid/water. ____% of is ICF and ___% is ECF.
40, 20
besides water, both the ECF and ICF consist mainly of _________
electrolytes
of the 20% of body fluid that is ECF, ___% is interstitial fluid and _____% is blood plasma
15, 5
the ECF and ICF only have small quantities of non-electrolyes like _____ and ____
aa’s, glucose, etc.
in both the ECF and ICF, the electrolytes are almost completly __________ meaning that they exist as _________
dissociated, free ions
in the ECF, ____ is the main positively charged ion
Na+
in the ECF, _______ and ______ are the main negatively charged ions
Cl- and HCO3-
there is very little ________ in the ECF
K+
in the ICF, _____ is the main positvely charged ion
K+
in the ICF, _____ and _____ are the main negatively charged ions
PO43- and proteins(A-)
there is very little ____ and _____ in the ICF
Na+ and Cl-
the compositions of the ECF and ICF do/don’t change that much
don’t
the composition of the ECF is maintained by ________. The constancy of the ICF is mainly maintained by _________-
homeostasis, mechanisms which the cells possess
[glucose] in plasma between meals should be ________ mmol/L
4-5
if [glucose] in plasma increases, for ex. after a meal, the secretion of the hormone ______ increases too
insulin
_______ decreases the [glucose] in plasma
insulin
negative feedback works for the regulation of ___ (4)
[glucose], blood pressure, temperature, pH
at the beginning [K+] is high in/out the cell, and [Na+] is high in/out the cell
in, out
Approx ____ times the volume of water in a cell crosses the PM every second, but cells dont experience any swelling or shrinkage because the amt that diffuses in and out is balanced
100
if a conc. grad. of water does develop across a membrane, water will move _____ its conc. grad.
down
water will move passively down its own conc. grad. from an area of high water conc. (_______ solute conc.) to an area of lower water conc. (_______ solute conc)
lower, higher
Since solutions are always referred to in terms of conc. of ________, water moves by osmosis to the area of ________ solute concentration
SOLUTE, higher
the osmotic movement of water will only occur if the osmotic pressure of the ECF ______ from that of the ICF
differs
if the osmotic pressure of a solution is high, it has a _______ water conc. and a high ______ conc.
low, high
normally, the osmotic pressure of the ECF is _______ to the ICF
similar
when the osmotic activity of the ECF does change, it is usually due to ______ and ______
Na+ and its anions
when the osmotic activity of the ICF does change, it is usually due to ______ and ______
K+ and its anions
The osmotic pressure exerted by particles in a solution is determined by the __________ of the particles per unit volume of fluid NOT by the ______ of the particles.
number, mass
1 osmole is equal to 1 mole of ______ particles
solute
osmole refers to the number of ___________ particles in a solution rather than molar conc.
osmotically acitive
the exact osmolarity of body fluids is _______
the main determinants of ECF osmolarity is Na+ and Cl-
the main determinants of ICF osmolarity are _____
K+ and PO43-
water moves from a solution of ______ osmolarity to one of ______ osmolarity, until the osmolarity in the 2 solutions is equal
low, high
diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 results from a lack of or no circulating ________
insulin
diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 is characterized by _________
hyperglycemia
sources of water input
drinking water, eating solid foods, metabolically produced water
source of water output
sensible loss and insensible loss
what is insensible loss?
insensible loss is water that isn’t measured. it consists of evaporation through non-sweating skin (2/3) or the respiratory tract (1/3)
what is sensible loss?
sweat, feces, and urine excretion
insufficient h2o intake can be caused by ______ and can result in _______
desert travel, difficulty swallowing
excessive h2o loss can be caused by (5)
heavy sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, infection disease(ex. cholera), and diabetes insipidus
diabetes insipiedus is characterized by a deficiency in _______
vasopressin (ADH)
in the absense of ADH, patients can produce up to ___L of very dilute urine. normal avg is _____.
the normal function of ADH is to _______ urinary output. it _______ water conservation in body.
reduce, enhances
what is the process of the effects of dehydration?
water content of ECF decreases -> increased conc. of ECF -> osmolarity of ECF increases -> water leaves all cells by osmosis through cell membranes -> osmolarity of ICF increases -> disruption of cellular function
dehydration symptoms: mild cases
dry skin and tounge, sunken eyeballs
dehydration symptoms: moderate cases
mental confusion, irrationality
dehydration symptoms: more severe cases
delirium, convulsions, coma
non-neural symptoms of dehydration
circulatory disturbances (vary from small BP drop to circulatory shock and death)
symptoms of over hydration:
confusion, lethargy, headache, dizziness, vomiting
severe cases include coma and death
non neural symptoms of over hydration
weakness (swelling in muscles) and circulatory disturbances (expansion of plasma volume)
when an RBC is placed in a hypertonic solution it ________
shrivels up because water leaves
when an RBC is placed in a isotonic solution it ________
nothing happens
when an RBC is placed in a hypotonic solution it ________
it swells up
intravenous solutions are tailored to the patient’s body’s needs and used to ____ and ______
replenish fluid and deliver IV meds
what are the three principle forms of IV solutions
colloid solutions, crystalloid solutions, and blood products
colloid solutions are ______ and they help reduce ______
hypertonic, edema
what are the types of isotonic crystalloid solutions
0.9% NaCl to replace salt loss
5% dextrose in water to maintain water balance
what is the hypotonic crystalloid solution made of
0.45% NaCl - used to correct hyperosmolar state
what are the types of hypertonic crystalloid solutions?
1,3,7,7.5,10% NaCl
10% dextrose in water
used to correct overhydration or to expand plasma volume
crystalloids are ______ solutions, consisting of ______ and ______
clear, sterile water, electrolyte solutions
both water and electrolytes will cross a semi-permeable membrane into the interstitial space and achieve equilibriu within _________
2-3 hours
almost every patient undergoing surgery will be given an IV drip of _________
isotonic saline
colloids have a _____________ weight
high molecular
ex. of colloids
albumin, dextran, mannitol
colloids do/don’t readily cross semi-permeable membranes
dont
because of colloids high osmolarity, they are important in ________ dynamics
capillary fluid
colloids stay in the ________ for ______ hours
intravascular space, 3-6
colloids draw abnormal accumulations of fluid from ____ to _____
interstitial/intracellular compartments, vascular compartments
