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CB > CB5 > Flashcards

CB5 Flashcards

1
Q

water content varies ______ with fat content

A

inversely

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2
Q

% of body water ______ with age

A

decreases

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3
Q

60% of the body is made up of fluid/water. ____% of is ICF and ___% is ECF.

A

40, 20

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4
Q

besides water, both the ECF and ICF consist mainly of _________

A

electrolytes

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5
Q

of the 20% of body fluid that is ECF, ___% is interstitial fluid and _____% is blood plasma

A

15, 5

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

the ECF and ICF only have small quantities of non-electrolyes like _____ and ____

A

aa’s, glucose, etc.

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8
Q

in both the ECF and ICF, the electrolytes are almost completly __________ meaning that they exist as _________

A

dissociated, free ions

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9
Q

in the ECF, ____ is the main positively charged ion

A

Na+

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10
Q

in the ECF, _______ and ______ are the main negatively charged ions

A

Cl- and HCO3-

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11
Q

there is very little ________ in the ECF

A

K+

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12
Q

in the ICF, _____ is the main positvely charged ion

A

K+

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13
Q

in the ICF, _____ and _____ are the main negatively charged ions

A

PO43- and proteins(A-)

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14
Q

there is very little ____ and _____ in the ICF

A

Na+ and Cl-

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15
Q

the compositions of the ECF and ICF do/don’t change that much

A

don’t

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16
Q

the composition of the ECF is maintained by ________. The constancy of the ICF is mainly maintained by _________-

A

homeostasis, mechanisms which the cells possess

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17
Q

[glucose] in plasma between meals should be ________ mmol/L

A

4-5

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18
Q

if [glucose] in plasma increases, for ex. after a meal, the secretion of the hormone ______ increases too

A

insulin

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19
Q

_______ decreases the [glucose] in plasma

A

insulin

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20
Q

negative feedback works for the regulation of ___ (4)

A

[glucose], blood pressure, temperature, pH

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21
Q

at the beginning [K+] is high in/out the cell, and [Na+] is high in/out the cell

A

in, out

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22
Q

Approx ____ times the volume of water in a cell crosses the PM every second, but cells dont experience any swelling or shrinkage because the amt that diffuses in and out is balanced

A

100

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23
Q

if a conc. grad. of water does develop across a membrane, water will move _____ its conc. grad.

A

down

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24
Q

water will move passively down its own conc. grad. from an area of high water conc. (_______ solute conc.) to an area of lower water conc. (_______ solute conc)

A

lower, higher

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25
Q

Since solutions are always referred to in terms of conc. of ________, water moves by osmosis to the area of ________ solute concentration

A

SOLUTE, higher

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26
Q

the osmotic movement of water will only occur if the osmotic pressure of the ECF ______ from that of the ICF

A

differs

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27
Q

if the osmotic pressure of a solution is high, it has a _______ water conc. and a high ______ conc.

A

low, high

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28
Q

normally, the osmotic pressure of the ECF is _______ to the ICF

A

similar

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29
Q

when the osmotic activity of the ECF does change, it is usually due to ______ and ______

A

Na+ and its anions

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30
Q

when the osmotic activity of the ICF does change, it is usually due to ______ and ______

A

K+ and its anions

31
Q

The osmotic pressure exerted by particles in a solution is determined by the __________ of the particles per unit volume of fluid NOT by the ______ of the particles.

A

number, mass

32
Q

1 osmole is equal to 1 mole of ______ particles

A

solute

33
Q

osmole refers to the number of ___________ particles in a solution rather than molar conc.

A

osmotically acitive

34
Q

the exact osmolarity of body fluids is _______

A
35
Q

the main determinants of ECF osmolarity is Na+ and Cl-

A
36
Q

the main determinants of ICF osmolarity are _____

A

K+ and PO43-

37
Q

water moves from a solution of ______ osmolarity to one of ______ osmolarity, until the osmolarity in the 2 solutions is equal

A

low, high

38
Q

diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 results from a lack of or no circulating ________

A

insulin

39
Q

diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 is characterized by _________

A

hyperglycemia

40
Q

sources of water input

A

drinking water, eating solid foods, metabolically produced water

41
Q

source of water output

A

sensible loss and insensible loss

42
Q

what is insensible loss?

A

insensible loss is water that isn’t measured. it consists of evaporation through non-sweating skin (2/3) or the respiratory tract (1/3)

43
Q

what is sensible loss?

A

sweat, feces, and urine excretion

44
Q

insufficient h2o intake can be caused by ______ and can result in _______

A

desert travel, difficulty swallowing

45
Q

excessive h2o loss can be caused by (5)

A

heavy sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, infection disease(ex. cholera), and diabetes insipidus

46
Q

diabetes insipiedus is characterized by a deficiency in _______

A

vasopressin (ADH)

47
Q

in the absense of ADH, patients can produce up to ___L of very dilute urine. normal avg is _____.

A
48
Q

the normal function of ADH is to _______ urinary output. it _______ water conservation in body.

A

reduce, enhances

49
Q

what is the process of the effects of dehydration?

A

water content of ECF decreases -> increased conc. of ECF -> osmolarity of ECF increases -> water leaves all cells by osmosis through cell membranes -> osmolarity of ICF increases -> disruption of cellular function

50
Q

dehydration symptoms: mild cases

A

dry skin and tounge, sunken eyeballs

51
Q

dehydration symptoms: moderate cases

A

mental confusion, irrationality

52
Q
A
53
Q

dehydration symptoms: more severe cases

A

delirium, convulsions, coma

54
Q

non-neural symptoms of dehydration

A

circulatory disturbances (vary from small BP drop to circulatory shock and death)

55
Q

symptoms of over hydration:

A

confusion, lethargy, headache, dizziness, vomiting

severe cases include coma and death

56
Q

non neural symptoms of over hydration

A

weakness (swelling in muscles) and circulatory disturbances (expansion of plasma volume)

57
Q

when an RBC is placed in a hypertonic solution it ________

A

shrivels up because water leaves

58
Q

when an RBC is placed in a isotonic solution it ________

A

nothing happens

59
Q

when an RBC is placed in a hypotonic solution it ________

A

it swells up

60
Q

intravenous solutions are tailored to the patient’s body’s needs and used to ____ and ______

A

replenish fluid and deliver IV meds

61
Q

what are the three principle forms of IV solutions

A

colloid solutions, crystalloid solutions, and blood products

62
Q

colloid solutions are ______ and they help reduce ______

A

hypertonic, edema

63
Q

what are the types of isotonic crystalloid solutions

A

0.9% NaCl to replace salt loss

5% dextrose in water to maintain water balance

64
Q

what is the hypotonic crystalloid solution made of

A

0.45% NaCl - used to correct hyperosmolar state

65
Q

what are the types of hypertonic crystalloid solutions?

A

1,3,7,7.5,10% NaCl

10% dextrose in water

used to correct overhydration or to expand plasma volume

66
Q

crystalloids are ______ solutions, consisting of ______ and ______

A

clear, sterile water, electrolyte solutions

67
Q

both water and electrolytes will cross a semi-permeable membrane into the interstitial space and achieve equilibriu within _________

A

2-3 hours

68
Q

almost every patient undergoing surgery will be given an IV drip of _________

A

isotonic saline

69
Q

colloids have a _____________ weight

A

high molecular

70
Q

ex. of colloids

A

albumin, dextran, mannitol

71
Q

colloids do/don’t readily cross semi-permeable membranes

A

dont

72
Q

because of colloids high osmolarity, they are important in ________ dynamics

A

capillary fluid

73
Q

colloids stay in the ________ for ______ hours

A

intravascular space, 3-6

74
Q

colloids draw abnormal accumulations of fluid from ____ to _____

A

interstitial/intracellular compartments, vascular compartments

CB (10 decks)

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