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CB4 Flashcards

1
Q

is the heme group part of the polypeptide chain

A

no

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2
Q

the heme group is ______ bound to the protein

A

tightly

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3
Q

the heme group is ______ for Hb activity

A

essential

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4
Q

iron is held in position by 4_____

A

nitogens

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5
Q

myogloblin I is an _____ resevoir within the heart and skeletal muscles

A

oxygen

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6
Q

5 structural components of myoglobin 1

A
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7
Q

structure of myoglobin II

A
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8
Q

label this schematic

A
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9
Q

the interior of myoglobin is hydrophobic except histidines __ and __

A

E7, F8

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10
Q

in deoxy-mb, the heme iron lies _____ angstrom out of the plane. in oxy-mb, the heme iron lies ___ angstrom out of the plane.

A

0.3, 0.1

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11
Q

mb has a ______ affinity for oxygen than Hb, but once Hb has gotten 3 oxygen atoms it has ______ amt of affinity for oxygen as Mb

A

larger, about the same

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12
Q

just read it. when oxygen binds to the heme group, that is what causes the His F8. The movement of His F8, on the Helix F, then causes the other elements of the structure to move. This is when the structure goes from nonplanar to planar. true or false

A

true

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13
Q

Mb is a _____ protein

A

storage

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14
Q

Mb binds O2 ______, and dissociates ______

A

avidly, slowly

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15
Q

Mb is/isn’t cooperative

A

isn’t

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16
Q

Mb has ______ polpeptide chain(s)

A

one

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17
Q

the 2 main functions of Hb is to transport ____ to tissues and transport ___ and ____ away from tissues

A

O2, CO2, protons

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18
Q

Hb has _____ polypeptide chain(s) and each chain has a heme group. this means that each Hb can bond ______ oxygens.

A

4, 4

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19
Q

the subunits on Hb are held together by ________ interactions

A

non-covalent

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20
Q

HbA is a _______ protein. (quarternary structure of 4 subunits)

A

tetrameric

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21
Q

the four subunits of HbA are ____

A

alpha2beta2

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22
Q

on HbA, an alpha chain is _____ aa’s long and a beta chain is ___ aa’s long

A

141, 146

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23
Q

HbA predominates in appx. ____% of adults, whereas a reduced number of adults express _____

A

85, HbA2

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24
Q

fill in the chart

A
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25
Q

_________ reflects the amt of oxygen gas dissolved in the blood

A

the PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen)

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26
Q

the saturation curve for O2 binding to Hb is _______, which is indicative of _________ binding

A

sigmoidal, co-operative

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27
Q

Hb dissociates at a _____ partial pressure than Mb. This allows delivery of O2 from _____ to _____.

A

higher, Hb, Mb

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28
Q

the fact that the O2 dissociation curve for Hb is sigmoidal means that the _______ are all working together.

A

protein subunits

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29
Q

Fill in the chart:

A
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30
Q

in fetuses, O2 flows from maternal _______ to fetal _________

A

deoxyhemoglobin

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31
Q

in Hb, the affinity of the 4th O2 bound is ________ greater than the 1st O2 bound

A

300x

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32
Q

T-form Hb has a _____ affinity for O2 compared to R-form Hb.

A

lower

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33
Q

globular proteins form ______ in water

A

colloids

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34
Q

explain t and r states in terms of dimers

A

At first, deoxy Hb has a low affinity for oxygen because it is in its T state. While it is in T-state, all the alpha and beta dimers are held tightly together through ionic bonds and hydrophobic interactions. once 1 O2 molecule gets in, the Hb tends to relax a little, and its affinity for more O2 molecules increases. It turns from tense to relaxed (R-state). Once all 4 of the O2 molecules are attached to the Hb, it turns from deoxy-Hb to oxy-Hb.

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35
Q

What are the 3 allosteric effects on Hb?

A

heme-heme interactions/cooperativity, the Bohr effect, and 2,3-BPG

36
Q

Describe WHAT CAUSES the signmoidal curve of the oxygen dissociation graph of Hb.

A

when O2 binds to 1 heme group, specific structural changes occur. these changes are then transmitted to other heme groups within the Hb tetramer.

37
Q

The O2 dissassociation curve for Hb shows us that Hb can carry O2 more efficiently from places of high O2 pressures to low O2 pressures. This effect is called ______ which allows Hb to deliver a high amt of O2 to tissues in relatively low Partial pressures of O2.

A

cooperativity

38
Q

The Bohr effect is when the RELEASE of O2 from Hb is increased in the presence of _______ CO2 levels and ______ pH levels.

A

increased, low

39
Q

The Bohr Effect:

A low pH and a high conc. of CO2 results in _____ O2 affinity for Hb. There is a shift to the _____ on the O2 dissociation curve. This stabilizes the ______ state.

A

decreases, right, T

40
Q

2,3-BPG is the regulator for the binding of oxygen to ______

A

Hb

41
Q

what would happen to the oxygen dissociation curve if CO2 levels where decreased and if the pH was increased? What state does it stabilize?

A

It would shift to the left, R state

42
Q

2,3-BPG decreases oxygen affinity of Hb by binding to ________, but not ________. This binding stabilizes the _____ state.

A

deoxyHb, oxyHb, T

43
Q

2,3-BPG forms _______ with positively charged aa’s on the ____ subunits in a central cavity. These salt bridges need to be ________ during oxygenation, so the cavity narrows and squeezes the 2,3-BPG out.

A

salt bridges, beta, broken

44
Q

Hb from which 2,3-BPG has been removed has a ______ oxygen affinity.

A

high

45
Q

what is P50 when Deoxy-Hb + 2,3-BPG is present? what is P50 when Deoxy-Hb is alone?

A

26 torr, 1 torr

46
Q

in the absense of 2,3-BPG, oxygen affinity is ____

A

high

47
Q

2,3-BPG shifts the O2 dissociation curve to the ____

A

right

48
Q

at low [O2], 2,3-BPG = more or less O2 DELIVERY to tissues

A

more, because 2,3-BPG increases the RELEASE of O2

49
Q

for people who have hypoxia, are at high altitudes, or chronic anemia, 2,3-BPG increases or decreases

A

increases

50
Q

what does CADET, face Right mean?

A

CO2, Acid, 2,3-D(B)PG, Exercise, and Temperature are all physiological states that inc. tissue requirement for oxygen, which means that it pushes the oxygen dissociation curve to the Right

51
Q

__% of erythrocytes are destroyed per day

A

1

52
Q

anaemia is a decrease in ___ concentration below the reference range for the age and sex. Give the ranges and respective sexes.

A

Hb,

  1. 5 – 16.0 g/dL (female)
  2. 5 – 17.5 g/dL (male)
53
Q

Inherited haemolytic anaemia, also called _________, is where the body has a ______ deficiency.

A

sickle cell anaemia, GP6D

54
Q

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in the _____-globin chain of hemoglobin. It replaces the amino acid _______with the less polar amino acid ______ at the sixth position of the β chain.

A

beta, glutamate, valine

55
Q

The valine in sickle cell anemia is exposed on the surface which forms a ____ patch in low O2 conditions

A

sticky

56
Q

Effects of sickle cell anemia:

  1. there are ________ interactions between HbS subunits.
  2. It leads to the stacking of ______ into long fibers at _____ O2 levels.
  3. Fibers distort the erythrocyte into _______ cells.
  4. Capillaries experiences _______.
  5. Tissues get ______, which causes pain and cell death near blockage.
  6. Sickling gives rise to ________, ______, _____, or _______
A
  1. hydrophobic, 2. HbS and low, 3. sickle, 4. blockage, 5. anoxia, 6. dehydration, cold, hypoxia, infection
57
Q

what is the process of fiber growth in erythrocytes when someone has sickle cell anemia?

A

nucleation, growth, and alignment

58
Q

What are the 4 main clinical consequences of sickle cell anemia?

A

bone pain, chronic anemia, organ damage, cerebrovascular accidents

59
Q

What 2 things could be required for the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia?

A

protein analysis or DNA analysis

60
Q

What are some of the options for treatment of sickle cell anemia? (6)

A

Treat the symptoms, hydration, analgesics, aggressive antibiotics, blood transfusion, and hydrxyurea (which raises HbF levels)

61
Q

Hydroxyurea is traditionally a(n) ________ drug

A

anticancer

62
Q

hydroxyurea changes _________ expression levels

A

gene

63
Q

hydroxyurea ________ HbF levels

A

increases

64
Q

Usually, HbF is/isn’t expressed in adults

A

isn’t

65
Q

HbF levels can be measured in the patient’s ______

A

blood

66
Q

G6PD deficiency is the most common enzyme abnormality, affecting ________ people globally.

A

over 200 million

67
Q

A G6PD deficiency is most prevalent in the ______, _____, _____, and ____

A

Mediterranean, middle east, tropical africa, and asia

68
Q

G6PD is an ______, ___-linked gene

A

inherited, X

69
Q

There are more than _____ mutations of G6PD, but only some mutations can cause ______.

A

400, symptoms

70
Q

NADPH minimizes the damaging effects of ________.

A

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

71
Q

ROS are produced as a by-product of ______ metabolism. ex. ______

A

aerobic, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

72
Q

ROS impose ________ on cells by attacking DNA, proteins, and lipids.

A

oxidative stress

73
Q

oxidative stress can lead to ____-

A

cell death

74
Q

______and ______ convert ROS into o2 and h2o

A

SOD and catalase

75
Q

________ detoxifies H2O2 using __________ (2G-SH), which is converted to the oxidized form (_-_-_-_)

A

glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, G-S-S-G

76
Q

Know this diagram:

A
77
Q

The presence of Heinz bodies represents _______ to hemoglobin and is classically observed in _______ deficiency.

A

oxidative damage, G6PD

78
Q

Mechanism of G6PD deficiency: ROS damage to membranes = _____ cleared more rapidly

A

erythrocytes

79
Q

Factors increasing _________ lead to hemolytic anemia

A

oxidative stress

80
Q

Oxidant drugs (3)

A

antibiotics, antimalarials, antipyretics

81
Q

what is favism

A

ingestion of fava bean

82
Q

the most common precipitating factor of a G6PD deficiency is an _______. this induces a _________.

A

infection, inflammatory response

83
Q

During an inflammatory response, free radicals are generated. What are free radicals?

A

free radicals are a molecular trigger that starts inflammation.

84
Q

neonatal _____ is also a precipitating factor of a G6PD deficiency.

A

jaundice

85
Q

the 2 possible symptoms of neonatal jaundice is impaired ______ of heme or an increased production of _______

A

catabolism, billirubin

CB (10 decks)

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