CB11: Mendelian genetics & inheritance patterns Flashcards
What does Mendelian inheritance apply to?
Monogenic traits
What is the law of segregation?
Only one of the 2 copies of a gene is given to a gamete randomly.
What is the law of independent assortment?
Alleles of 2 or more different genes are segregated independently.
What is the law of dominance?
Heterozygous individuals only show the dominant phenotype.
What is incomplete dominance?
The dominant allele only partially masks the recessive allele.
What is co-dominance?
Both alleles show.
What is a monohybrid cross?
A cross involving only 1 gene.
What is a dihybrid cross?
A cross involving 2 genes.
What is a test cross?
A cross to see if an individual with the dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous.
How do you perform a test cross?
You cross the test individual with a recessive parent.
If the result of the chi-squared test is lower than the critical value, what does this mean?
That the statistical difference is not significant, so the hypothesis is confirmed.
What are monogenic traits?
Traits that involve only 1 gene, so the gene has a strong effect while the environment has a small effect.
What are oligogenic traits?
Traits that involve a few genes, where the genes and environment have a relatively similar effect.
What are polygenic traits?
Traits that involve many genes, so the environment has a strong effect while the genes have a more minor effect.
What is the wild type?
The most common allele in a population.
What is loss of function in genetic mutation?
When an allele (usually recessive) produces less products.
What is haplosufficiency in loss of function?
When the mutation is from the recessive allele so the phenotype remains.
What is haploinsufficiency in loss of function?
When the mutation is from the dominant allele so the phenotype changes.
What is gain of function in genetic mutation?
When an allele (usually dominant) produces more products leading to a change in phenotype.
What is an isoallele?
A mutation where the product does not change so the phenotype remains.
