causes of disease #2 Flashcards
what are two waste products and how their build ip in the body cause disease
Carbon dioxide: if not exhaled, it builds up in the blood (hypercapnia).
causes acidosis: increase CO2 combines with H20 which forms carbonic acid then releases H+ and biocarbonate ions.
Urea: produced from amino acid breakdown. Filtered by nephrons in our kidneys.
Excess urea - causes fluid retention (oedema) due to osmotic gradient
poor kidney function -> urea build-up in blood
how lack of homeostasis of these chemicals can cause disease: Fluid/blood
Low blood volume (hypovolemia) = dehydration/blood loss
Too much blood volume/too much fluid in the blood (hypervolemia) = hypertension and oedema
hormones
Thyroid hormone imbalance:
TH regulates metabolic rate.
too little TH = fatigue, low heart rate, low blood pressure
too much TH = insomnia, high Heart rate, and high blood pressure
neurotransmitters
affects nerve signaling -> impacting muscle and gland secretion
mental illness is linked to neurotransmitter dysfunction
Electrolytes
Key electrolytes = sodium (Na + and potassium (K+).
Too much/Too little = disrupts nerve impulses and muscle function.
kidney tests monitor electrolyte levels
enzymes
Enzymes regulate metabolism.
imbalances in certain enzymes can enhance or decrease the rate or ability of certain reactions to occur.
example - Phenylketonuria = lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase -> amino acid buildup -> neurological damage
clotting factors
too much clotting = blocks blood flow
too little clotting = excessive bleeding (can be fatal)
describe how mutagens can cause mutations
By damaging DNA, leading to permanent changes in DNA sequence through direct interactions with DNA or interfering with DNA replication.
examples = viruses, UV raditation, free radicals, and chemicals
describe how inherited genetic changes can cause disease
They alter the instructions within DNA. Leading to the production of faulty proteins or lack of essential proteins, disrupting bodily functions and causing health issues.
faulty genes –> defective or missing proteins
leads to: disruptions in body functions, causing disease.
describe X-linked traits and how males are more likely to develop diseases from X-linked traits
X-linked traits are traits causes by genes found on the X-chromosome.
since males only have one X chromosome they are more likely to show X-linked recessive conditions because they dont have a second X to compensate.
Females = XX
males = XY
Discuss how genetics, environment, and socioeconomic all contribute to causing disease.
Genetics = introducing changes (mutations) in DNA that can alter protein functions
enviroment= exposure to toxins, pollution, pathogens, water food and soils increase disease risk
socioeconomic factors = limited access to healthcare, unhealthy enviroment, stress, leading to poorer health outcomes
